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41.
Teachers are frequently cited as experiencing a high rate of vocal dysfunction (1-7). Despite considerable research in the area of voice problems in teachers, the prevalence of voice disorders in this group is unknown. This study investigated the prevalence of self-reported voice problems in teachers using a mail survey of a simple random sample of 1168 state school teachers (preschool-Grade 12) in South Australia. As part of the survey, teachers were asked to report voice problems for the day of the survey, during the current teaching year, and during their careers. The response rate was 75%, with 16% of teachers reporting voice problems on the day of the survey, 20% reporting problems during the current teaching year, and 19% reporting problems at some time during their career. Females were twice as likely as males to report voice problems. These findings clearly indicate a need for further investigation of the causes of vocal dysfunction in teachers and for the development of educational programs aimed at preventing voice problems in this group of professional voice users. 相似文献
42.
Assessing obesity: classification and epidemiology 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Obesity is generally defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 and higher. Overweight is defined as a BMI between 25 and 30 kg/m2. The prevalence varies considerably between countries, and between regions within countries. It is estimated that more than half of adults aged 35-65 living in Europe are either overweight or obese. Overweight is more common among men than among women but obesity is more common among women. The prevalence of obesity in Europe is probably in the order of 10-20% in men and 15-25% in adult women. In most European countries who have reliable data on time-trends the prevalence of obesity seems to be increasing. In most European countries, obesity is usually inversely associated with socio-economic status, particularly among women. New classifications of overweight may be based on cut-off points for simple anthropometric measures which reflects both total adiposity as well as abdominal fatness. 相似文献
43.
Christopher L Brown Gillian Bushell Michael W Whitehouse DS Agrawal SG Tupe KM Paknikar Edward RT Tiekink 《Gold bulletin》2007,40(3):245-250
Nanosized gold particles (27 +/− 3 nm) have been proven to be effective in ameliorating the symptoms of mycobacterial-, collagen-
and pristane-induced arthritis in rat models. This contrasts with the drug sodium aurothiomalate that was only effective against
mycobacterial-induced arthritis but not to the same extent as Au0. Gold in the traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicine,Swarna bhasma (gold ash), has been characterized as globular particles of gold with an average size of 56–57 nm. 相似文献
44.
This article reports the effect of three cobalt carboxylates—cobalt stearate (CoSt3), cobalt palmitate (CoPal3), and cobalt laurate (CoLau3)—on the thermo‐oxidative degradation of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) films prepared by sheeting process. The carboxylates were blended with LDPE in the concentration range of 0.05–0.2% (w/w). The degradation was monitored by techniques such as FTIR spectroscopy, change in the mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break), viscometry, surface electron microscopy, melt flow index measurements, and apparent density measurements. Studies indicate that films containing these additives are highly susceptible to thermo‐oxidative degradation. Oxygen containing functionalities such as carbonyl and vinyl species are generated on the surface of polyethylene because of thermo‐oxidation, as indicated by FTIR studies. This oxidative process is accelerated in the presence of cobalt carboxylates. The degradation of LDPE was found to increase proportionally with concentration as well as with increasing chain length of the cobalt carboxylate, and follow the order CoSt3 > CoPal3 > CoLau3. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3758–3765, 2007 相似文献
45.
T.V. Choudhary A.K. Santra C. Sivadinarayana B.K. Min C.-W. Yi K. Davis D.W. Goodman 《Catalysis Letters》2001,77(1-3):1-5
Ammonia decomposition on Ir(100) has been studied over the pressure range from ultrahigh vacuum to 1.5 Torr and at temperatures ranging from 200 to 800 K. The kinetics of the ammonia decomposition reaction was monitored by total pressure change. The apparent activation energy obtained in this study (84 kJ/mol) is in excellent agreement with our previous studies using supported Ir catalysts (Ir/Al2O3 82 kJ/mol). Partial pressure dependence studies of the reaction rate yielded a positive order (0.9±0.1) with respect to ammonia and negative order (–0.7 ±0.1) with respect to hydrogen. Temperature-programmed desorption data from clean and hydrogen co-adsorbed Ir(100) surfaces indicate that ammonia undergoes facile decomposition on both these surfaces. Recombinative desorption of N2 is the rate-determining step with a desorption activation energy of 63 kJ/mol. Co-adsorption data also indicate that the observed negative order with respect to hydrogen pressure is due to enhancement of the reverse reaction (NH
x
+ H NH
x+1, x=0–2) in the presence of excess H atoms on the surface. 相似文献
46.
The phosphate sorption isotherms are needed to explain differential plant responses to P fertilization in soils. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments investigated the use of phosphorus sorption isotherms in relation to P fertilizer requirement of wheat in ten benchmark soils of Punjab, India. The modified Mitscherlich Equation (3) was used to describe plant response observed in different soils. Maximum obtainable yield (MOY) ranged from 11.6 g pot–1 in Gurdaspur (I) sandy clay loam to 7.0 g pot–1 in Nabha sandy clay loam. Response to P applied @ 25 mg P kg–1 soil was maximum (77%) in Bathinda sand and minimum in Chuharpur clay loam (33%). The response curvature varied from 3.74 × 10–2 in Nabha sandy clay loam to 4.43 × 10–2 in Kanjli sandy loam. The soil solution P required to produce optimum yield (90% MOY) varied from 1.61 µg ml–1 in Bathinda sand to 0.10 µg ml–1 in Sadhugarh clay. Dry matter yield obtained at 0.2 µg ml–1 solution P concentration ranged from 55% in Bathinda sand to 85% of MOY in Gurdaspur (II) clay loam. At the same solution P concentration (0.1 µg P ml–1), dry matter yield was 91% in Sadhugarh clay, 80% in Gurdaspur (II) clay loam and, 43% of MOY in Bathinda sand and eventually coincided with the decreasing maximum buffer capacity (MBC) in these soils. At the same level of sorbed P (100 mg P kg–1 soil) the yield was observed to be inversely proportional to MBC. The study, therefore, concludes that, soils should be grouped according to their P sorption characteristics and MBC before using critical soil solution P as a criterion for obtaining optimum yields. 相似文献
47.
Harsh Bhasin Gitanshu Behal Nimish Aggarwal Raj Kumar Saini Shivani Choudhary 《Soft Computing - A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications》2016,20(9):3403-3410
Diploid genetic algorithms (DGAs) promise robustness as against simple genetic algorithms which only work towards optimization. Moreover, these algorithms outperform others in dynamic environments. The work examines the theoretical aspect of the concept by examining the existing literature. The present work takes the example of dynamic TSP to compare greedy approach, genetic algorithms and DGAs. The work also implements a greedy genetic approach for the problem. In the experiments carried out, the three variants of dominance were implemented and 115 runs proved the point that none of them outperforms the other. 相似文献
48.
Single channel currents were activated by GABA (0.5 to 5 microM) in cell-attached and inside-out patches from cells in the dentate gyrus of rat hippocampal slices. The currents reversed at the chloride equilibrium potential and were blocked by bicuculline (100 microM). Several different kinds of channel were seen: high conductance and low conductance, rectifying and "nonrectifying." Channels had multiple conductance states. The open probability (Po) of channels was greater at depolarized than at hyperpolarized potentials and the relationship between Po and potential could be fitted with a Boltzmann equation with equivalent valency (z) of 1. The combination of outward rectification and potential-dependent open probability gave very little chloride current at hyperpolarized potentials but steeply increasing current with depolarization, useful properties for a tonic inhibitory mechanism. 相似文献
49.
DV Beard PL Molina KE Muller KM Denelsbeck BM Hemminger JR Perry MP Braeuning DH Glueck WD Bidgood M Mauro 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1995,197(3):753-758
PURPOSE: Interpretation time of serial staging chest CT cases, which each contained current and previous examinations, with a simple prototype workstation called filmstack was experimentally compared with interpretation time with a film alternator. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The filmstack displayed a "stack" of sections for each examination; user controls allowed rapid selection of preset attenuation windows and both synchronized and unsynchronized scrolling. Eight radiologists were timed as they used the filmstack and the film alternator to interpret four ergonomically complex serial CT cases. RESULTS: All reports dictated on the basis of findings with filmstack and film were of acceptable clinical accuracy. The time to examine a case with filmstack was significantly faster than the time with film, including the time to load and unload the alternator (99% confidence [P = .01]). There was no statistically significant difference in interpretation time between filmstack and prehung film. CONCLUSION: Use of a low-cost stacked CT workstation with a single 1,024 x 1,024 monitor is an effective means of interpreting cases that require comparison of multiple CT examinations. 相似文献
50.
A vendor-managed inventory (VMI) relationship between a downstream retailer and an upstream vendor consists of two distinct components: (i) information sharing (IS) and (ii) a shift in decision-making responsibility. This study compares these two components of VMI in a two-stage serial supply chain based on the ‘static uncertainty’ strategy under dynamic and random demand with fill rate constraints. Numerical experiments are conducted using analytical models to identify the conditions where the incremental value of VMI over IS is significant. The results provide guidelines relevant to academia and supply chain practitioners in taking VMI adoption decision above and beyond IS according to their specific business environment. 相似文献