Residual stress gradients along ion implanted zones — cubic crystals

Large internal strains and stresses can be produced by low temperature implantation over small distances from the free surface in a thick substrate. These are typically non-uniform and have large composition gradients. In dilute bcc solutions, containing unclustered interstitial implants, the residual macroscopic strains may be treated as isotropic. The calculation of residual strain (or stress) is based upon anisotropic elasticity theory and internal stress is given in terms of the dipole tensor for individual defects in single crystal films. In a completely elastic zone, forces act to maintain a rigid outside surface and cause the strain distribution to be zero along directions parallel to the free surface. This produces a strain magnification along the perpendicular direction from Poisson contractions. If the implanted zone is completely relaxed by plastic deformation, the strains are described by the free expansion strains due to both implants and lattice damage. There is no angular dependence of the free expansion strain in this extreme condition. One can determine whether a zone is completely elastic, completely relaxed by plastic deformation, or in some intermediate state from plots of strain against sin², where is the angle of tilt relative to the surface normal. These results may be obtained from X-ray Bragg intensity data by measuring shifts and line broadening from (hkl) planes at different tilt angles. Theoretical results are given for both single crystal and polycrystalline materials in terms of residual strain and stress.     

Feasibility of the indirect determination of blast-induced rock movement based on three new hybrid intelligent models

Engineering with Computers - The indirect and accurate determination of blast-induced rock movement has important significance in the reduction of ore loss and dilution and in the protection of...     

Comparing ANN and GMM in a voice conversion framework

In this paper, we present a comparative analysis of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) for design of voice conversion system using line spectral frequencies (LSFs) as feature vectors. Both the ANN and GMM based models are explored to capture nonlinear mapping functions for modifying the vocal tract characteristics of a source speaker according to a desired target speaker. The LSFs are used to represent the vocal tract transfer function of a particular speaker. Mapping of the intonation patterns (pitch contour) is carried out using a codebook based model at segmental level. The energy profile of the signal is modified using a fixed scaling factor defined between the source and target speakers at the segmental level. Two different methods for residual modification such as residual copying and residual selection methods are used to generate the target residual signal. The performance of ANN and GMM based voice conversion (VC) system are conducted using subjective and objective measures. The results indicate that the proposed ANN-based model using LSFs feature set may be used as an alternative to state-of-the-art GMM-based models used to design a voice conversion system.     

Phase transformations in Mn-Al permanent magnet alloys

Phase transformation studies have been made of the Mn-Al alloys with compositions near the equiatomic range with or without small amounts of carbon, copper and nickel, using differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and optical and electron microscopy. The high temperature hexagonal phase obtained by quenching, transforms to the ferromagnetic phase between 500 and 550° C and on further heating transforms back to the hexagonal phase between 750 and 950° C. Also, on controlled cooling of the phase from about 900° C, the ferromagnetic phase is formed between 800 and 670° C. TEM studies have shown the presence of the B19 ordered phase, ferromagnetic phase and Mn₅Al₈ precipitates even in quenched alloys.     

An efficient algorithm for maxdominance, with applications

Given a planar setS ofn points,maxdominance problems consist of computing, for everyp S, some function of the maxima of the subset ofS that is dominated byp. A number of geometric and graph-theoretic problems can be formulated as maxdominance problems, including the problem of computing a minimum independent dominating set in a permutation graph, the related problem of finding the shortest maximal increasing subsequence, the problem of enumerating restricted empty rectangles, and the related problem of computing the largest empty rectangle. We give an algorithm for optimally solving a class of maxdominance problems. A straightforward application of our algorithm yields improved time bounds for the above-mentioned problems. The techniques used in the algorithm are of independent interest, and include a linear-time tree computation that is likely to arise in other contexts.The research of this author was supported by the Office of Naval Research under Grants N00014-84-K-0502 and N00014-86-K-0689, and the National Science Foundation under Grant DCR-8451393, with matching funds from AT&T.This author's research was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant DCR-8506361.     

The microbiology of sheep carcasses processed in a modern Indian abattoir

A study has been conducted on the microbiology of sheep carcasses processed in a modern abattoir. The data revealed that careful handling at the different stages of processing of sheep reduced the level of microbial contamination of carcasses. Processing steps such as evisceration and washing did not increase the microbial counts on the carcass surface. Sources of microbial contamination in the abattoir were examined. It was observed that skin, floor washings, intestinal contents and gambrels were the major sources of microbial contamination. Seasonality did not have any effect on the microbial contamination of carcasses. The study revealed that total plate counts in 86·6% of the carcasses ranged between 3·0–4·9log/cm². The counts of coliforms, staphylococci, enterococci and psychrotrophs were low. Pathogens such as Salmonella were not detected. The microbial counts were well within the generally acceptable levels. These findings demonstrated hygienic handling of carcasses. Shoulder and neck are the critical points for microbiological sampling as these sites showed higher microbial counts. Micrococcus and Staphylococcus predominated among microorganisms associated with carcasses. It was noted that differences occurred in microbial types of carcasses processed in tropical and temperate climates. The data generated in a model facility procided useful information for improving meat handling practices.     

Heat transfer to model Newtonian liquid foods in cans during end-over-end rotation

The effect of end-over-end rotation on heat transfer rate to canned Newtonian liquids was studied with two cans (length: diameter $\text{(}\text{L}\text{D}\text{) = 0·73}\text{and}\text{1·37}$) over the range 0–38·6 r.p.m. and radius of rotation 0–14·9 cm. Data were obtained with water, glycerine and 30%, 50%, and 60% sucrose solutions. The agitation induced oscillations of the centre temperature about an increasing average value. The oscillations were more pro-nounced in viscous liquids. The heat transfer coefficient (HTC) was found to be independent of the radius of rotation and $\text{L}\text{D}$. Head space volume between 3 and 9% did not affect the HTC. A correlation was developed in terms of Nusselt, rotational Reynolds, and Prandtl numbers to predict the HTC:

$\text{Nu = 2.9Re}{}^{0.436}\text{Pr}{}^{0.287}$

The characteristic dimension in Nu and Re was the radius of rotation. This correlation, with R² = 92%, is valid for Re: 83 ? 2·1 × 10⁵ and Pr: 2·8 ? 49. Attempts to improve the correlation by incorporating the Grashof number, $\text{L}\text{D}$ and head space volume as well as other characteristic dimensions were not successful.     

Parallel depth first search. Part II. Analysis

This paper presents the analysis of a parallel formulation of depth-first search. At the heart of this parallel formulation is a dynamic work-distribution scheme that divides the work between different processors. The effectiveness of the parallel formulation is strongly influenced by the work-distribution scheme and the target architecture. We introduce the concept of isoefficiency function to characterize the effectiveness of different architectures and work-distribution schemes. Many researchers considered the ring architecture to be quite suitable for parallel depth-first search. Our analytical and experimental results show that hypercube and shared-memory architectures are significantly better. The analysis of previously known work-distribution schemes motivated the design of substantially improved schemes for ring and shared-memory architectures. In particular, we present a work-distribution algorithm that guarantees close to optimal performance on a shared-memory/-network-with-message-combining architecture (e.g. RP3). Much of the analysis presented in this paper is applicable to other parallel algorithms in which work is dynamically shared between different processors (e.g., parallel divide-and-conquer algorithms). The concept of isoefficiency is useful in characterizing the scalability of a variety of parallel algorithms.This work was supported by Army Research Office Grant No. DAAG29-84-K-0060 to the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and Office of Naval Research Grant N00014-86-K-0763 to the Computer Science Department at the University of Texas at Austin.     

Towards improved design of boring bars part 1: Dynamic cutting force model with continuous system analysis for the boring bar performance

The vibrational amplitude is generally large in the case of a boring bar due to its slenderness. A dynamic cutting force model has been presented to take this large amplitude into account. The boring bar is then modelled as a cantilever with this dynamic force acting at the free end and a generalized continuous system model is obtained. This model is solved for the specific case of boring with a zero side cutting edge angle for which published results are available. A reasonably close agreement is found between the proposed model and the experimental results.