南海岛屿配网工程计价体系研究初探

目的 弥补目前南海岛屿配网工程费用构成和计价标准空白,以及为配网工程未来造价管理工作的进一步规范化、标准化提供借鉴。 方法 针对南海岛屿地区自然条件、气候特点和地理环境等因素,结合配网工程建设的实际情况,以现行的行业计价标准为依据,开展具有南海岛屿特色的工程计价体系研究。 结果 提出了基于南海岛屿配网建设特殊性的计价体系研究思路和方法。 结论 给出了完善符合南海岛屿特殊性的工程计价体系、编制补充定额以及建立南海岛屿工程造价信息系统等建议。     

基于自适应模糊PID的UCAV姿态控制

针对UCAV刚体六自由度模型非线性强耦合的特点,结合专家经验设计了一种自适应模糊PID姿态控制方法。利用小扰动原理对UCAV非线性模型线性化,得到了纵向和横侧向通道的状态空间表达式,实现了纵向和横侧向通道的解耦。针对纵向通道的俯仰角和速度以及横侧向通道的滚转角对设计的自适应模糊PID控制器进行了仿真验证,结果表明该控制器具有较快的响应速度和较高的稳定性,能够有效控制UCAV实现预期姿态。     

Prostacyclin formation elicited by endothelin-1 in rat aorta is mediated via phospholipase D activation and not phospholipase C or A2

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide that also stimulates production of prostacyclin (PGI2) from arachidonic acid. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of phospholipases (PLs) A2, C, and/or D in ET-1-induced PGI2 formation in the rat aorta, measured as immunoreactive 6-ketoprostaglandin (PG) F1 alpha. ET-1 increased 6-keto-PGF1 alpha formation, which was not affected by a PLA2 inhibitor, 7,7-dimethyl eicosadienoic acid (DEDA). Furthermore, ET-1 failed to stimulate PLA2 activity measured in the cytosol (cPLA2), using phosphatidylcholine, L-a-1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl[14C] as a substrate. However, the adrenergic agonist norepinephrine increased 6-keto-PGF1 alpha formation, which was attenuated by DEDA, and enhanced PLA2 activity. ET-1 enhanced PLC activity, as indicated by increased inositol phosphate production, which was prevented by a PLC inhibitor, U-73122. However, ET-1-induced 6-keto-PGF1 alpha production was not altered by U-73122. An inhibitor of PLD activation, C2-ceramide, attenuated ET-1-induced PLD activity, as indicated by the production of phosphatidylethanol. Furthermore, ET-1-induced 6-keto-PGF1 alpha formation was inhibited by C2-ceramide as well as by ethanol treatment. Moreover, inhibitors of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (propranolol) and diacylglycerol lipase (RHC-80267), attenuated ET-1-induced 6-keto-PGF1 alpha formation. Finally, ET-1-induced activation of PLD was not attenuated by a selective PKC inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide I. These data suggest a novel pathway for ET-1-induced PGI2 formation in the rat aorta involving activation of PLD but not cPLA2 and independent of PLC or PKC activation.     

Hibernation in ground squirrels induces state and species-specific tolerance to hypoxia and aglycemia: an in vitro study in hippocampal slices

This study investigated T-cell activation markers HLA-DR and CD69 in both naive (CD45RA+) and memory (CD45RA-) CD4+ as well as CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of patients with autoimmune thyroiditis (AT, N = 28) or hyperthyroid untreated Graves' disease (GDH, N = 34) using three-color flow cytometry. It was demonstrated that patients with AT, but not those with GDH, expressed increased amounts of HLA-DR antigen compared to healthy subjects (HS, N = 26) on total CD4+ (AT: 14.1%; GDH: 11.3%; HS: 10.9%) and CD8+ cells (AT: 31.9%; GDH: 23.5%; HS: 19.4%) as well as on CD45RA- CD4+ cells (AT: 11.2%; GDH: 7.7%; HS: 7.9%). In GDH (+71%) and AT (+91%) only the proportion of HLA-DR+ CD45RA+ CD8+ cells was increased vs HS. Furthermore, euthyroid GD patients on methimazole (GDE, N = 22) displayed greater HLA-DR+ expression on total and CD45RA- cells within both CD4+ (+37 and 40%, respectively) and CD8+ cells (+47 and 93%, respectively) than GDH. In addition, total and CD45RA+ CD4+ and CD8+ cells were increased vs HS. In contrast, proportions of CD69 positive T cells were increased in AT and GDH on total CD4+ (+97 and 74%, respectively) and CD8+ (+95 and 68%, respectively) cells and all subsets thereof (except for CD45RA- cells in GDH), but normalized upon thyrostatic treatment. We conclude that patients with autoimmune thyroid disease harbor an almost twofold greater proportion vs HS of (a) HLA-DR+ CD45RA+ CD8+ T cells, and of (b) CD69 on total CD4+ and CD8+ cells, and an even more marked elevation on their CD45RA+ subset in AT and untreated GD. In addition, (c) thyrostatic treatment by methimazole in GD is accompanied by a further increase in circulating HLA-DR+ CD4+ and CD8+ cells and their CD45RA- subsets, but decreased CD69 expression. These data suggest association of HLA-DR expression with ongoing autoimmunity, while increased CD69 expression relates in part also to elevated thyroid hormone concentration in GDH.     

Electrical impedance tomography in monitoring experimental lung injury

Tyrosine phosphorylation of beta-catenin, an intracytoplasmic E-cadherin-binding protein, has been shown to disrupt the cadherin-mediated cell adhesion system in vitro. In order to investigate the relationships of expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of cadherin-catenin molecules and expression of growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase with loose cell-to-cell adhesion, immunohistochemical staining for E-cadherin, alpha- and beta-catenin, phosphorylated tyrosine residues and tyrosine kinase receptors, including c-erbB-2, epidermal growth factor-receptor (EGF-R), c-met and K-sam, in 17 undifferentiated- and 10 differentiated-type human gastric cancers was performed. Loss or reduced expressions of E-cadherin and alpha- and beta-catenin (11, 11, 10 cancers, respectively) were observed in the former, but not the latter. Diffuse cytoplasmic staining of E-cadherin, alpha- and beta-catenin and phosphotyrosine residues was observed frequently in the undifferentiated-type cancers. The cytoplasmic localization of phosphotyrosine residues in undifferentiated-type cancers was correlated significantly with K-sam expression (P < 0.01) and diffuse cytoplasmic staining of E-cadherin (P < 0.05) and beta-catenin (P < 0.05). Expression of K-sam protein was detected significantly more frequently in undifferentiated- (6/17; P < 0.05) than differentiated-type adenocarcinomas whereas the converse applied to c-erbB-2 expression (8/10 of the latter, P < 0.05). Tyrosine phosphorylation of beta-catenin was directly confirmed in the protein extracts of one undifferentiated-type gastric cancer. These data indicate that alteration of tyrosine phosphorylation status associated with K-sam expression may cause the cytoplasmic distribution of cadherin-catenin molecules and loose cell-cell adhesion in undifferentiated-type gastric cancers.     

alphaKAP is an anchoring protein for a novel CaM kinase II isoform in skeletal muscle

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) is present in a membrane-bound form that phosphorylates synapsin I on neuronal synaptic vesicles and the ryanodine receptor at skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), but it is unclear how this soluble enzyme is targeted to membranes. We demonstrate that alphaKAP, a non-kinase protein encoded by a gene within the gene of alpha-CaM kinase II, can target the CaM kinase II holoenzyme to the SR membrane. Our results indicate that alphaKAP (i) is anchored to the membrane via its N-terminal hydrophobic domain, (ii) can co-assemble with catalytically competent CaM kinase II isoforms and target them to the membrane regardless of their state of activation, and (iii) is co-localized and associated with rat skeletal muscle CaM kinase II in vivo. alphaKAP is therefore the first demonstrated anchoring protein for CaM kinase II. CaM kinase II assembled with alphaKAP retains normal enzymatic activity and the ability to become Ca2+-independent following autophosphorylation. A new variant of beta-CaM kinase II, termed betaM-CaM kinase II, is one of the predominant CaM kinase II isoforms associated with alphaKAP in skeletal muscle SR.     

The cumulative normalised rim/disc area ratio curve

BACKGROUND: The assessment of the cup of the optic disc depends, among other criteria, on the disc area. A small cup in a small optic disc can indicate an advanced glaucomatous lesion, while on the other hand a large cup in a large optic disc can be normal. Therefore, a cumulative normalised rim/disc area ratio curve could help to distinguish between glaucomatous and normal optic cups. The aim of our study was to calculate normalised rim/disc area ratio curve. METHODS: Heidelberg Retina Tomograph examinations of the optic nerve head of 100 randomly selected eyes of 100 normal subjects were evaluated. We calculated the disc area-adjusted normalised rim/disc area ratio in sectors of 10 degrees. The 95th, 90th and 50th percentiles of each of the 36 sectors were displayed in descending order. RESULTS: In relation to the normal percentile curves, it is possible to display an individual normalised rim/disc area ratio curve. We obtained such curves for a normal optic disc, optic nerve heads with moderate and advanced lesions and a small optic disc with glaucomatous damage. CONCLUSION: We present a new display mode for the results of Heidelberg Retina Tomograph optic nerve head examination, which may be helpful for easy and reliable assessment of the local, diffuse and combined components of glaucomatous optic nerve head damage depending on optic disc size.     

Variation in the size and distensibility of the pulmonary arteries in d-transposition of the great arteries

The relative size of the main pulmonary artery was determined from cineangiograms of 117 patients with d-transposition of the great arteries by calculating the ration between the diameters of the main pulmonary artery and aorta. The pulmonary artery was largest in patients with ventricular septal defect or patent ductus arteriosus, or both, because of increased pulmonary arterial pressure and flow. In patients with an intact ventricular septum or with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, or both, the main pulmonary artery was approximately the size of the aorta. Two cases of d-transposition and gross dilatation of the main pulmonary artery and hypoplastic first branch pulmonary arteries are presented. In these cases the ratio between the diameters of the main pulmonary artery and aorta was greater than in any of the other 117 cases studied...     

直流串电引起的直流接地信号误报分析

随着高电压等级继电保护双重化的不断深入实施,保护电源与操作电源分开,由于各种原因,极有可能出现直流正负不对应混用现象.详细分析了两起实例,指出了由其导致的严重后果及危害,为保护双重化两组直流电源改造以及保护直流电源与操作直流电源分开的工作提供了实例警戒.