Laminated alumina/zirconia ceramic composites prepared by electrophoretic deposition

The electrophoretic deposition of alumina and zirconia powders from isopropanolic suspension in the presence of monochloroacetic acid was studied in the constant-current regime. The different levels of electric current during deposition from 250 μA to 48 mA were used. The green density of the deposit depends on the current density and then on the particle velocity during deposition, reaching values from 58% to 61% according to the electric current used. It was found that the lower the green density of the green deposit, the larger the pores. The low green density led to low final fired density and subsequently to the low Vickers hardness HV5 ranging from 2000 to 1650 depending on electric current used. Based on these findings microlaminates having various thickness ratios to achieve different residual stress levels were prepared consisting of alternating layers of alumina and zirconia.     

Topology optimization of structures with manufacturing and unilateral contact constraints by minimizing an adjustable compliance–volume product

In this paper the concept of extended optimality, or hyperoptimality, is adopted. By following this idea, a new compliance–volume product is suggested as objective. The volume appearing in the product is also raised to the power of a new design parameter which can be set to different values. In such manner design concepts with different volume fractions can be generated by using the approach of extended optimality. Both manufacturing constraints and unilateral contact constraints are included in the proposed method. The manufacturing constraints are implemented by adjusting the move limits such that the draw directions are satisfied. Both one draw direction as well as split draw constraints are considered. The contact conditions are modeled by the augmented Lagrangian approach such that the Jacobian in the Newton algorithm as well as in the adjoint equation becomes symmetric. The design parametrization is done by the SIMP model and Sigmund’s filter is utilized when the sensitivities are calculated. The proposed method is very robust and efficient. This is demonstrated by solving problems in both 2D and 3D. The numerical results are also compared to solutions obtained by performing compliance optimization with a constraint on the volume fraction.     

Relationship between mass transport and the quality of cured hide

The advantages of mathematical simulations of the process of cured hide desalination are presented. Full three‐dimensional model is presented and then its one‐dimensional and a two‐dimensional special cases are considered and compared. In the case of one‐dimensional approximation, the solution can be obtained in an analytic form, while for the two‐dimensional case only numerical solution is available. A possible occurrence of a concentration shock is modelled, and a method of its prevention is proposed to reduce losses in the hide substance. The predictions of the mathematical model are then compared with experimental data and found to be in good agreement.     

Bücherschau

Ohne Zusammenfassung VDI     

Ferroceneboronic acid for the electrochemical probing of interactions involving sugars

Ferroceneboronic acid (FcBA) was used as a redox-active probe suitable for monitoring of diol–boronate interactions. Voltammetric and amperometric measurements allowed to detect FcBA forms – free and bound in the boronate complex. In this way, the complexation interaction was studied for a set of saccharide molecules as model diols and the corresponding affinity equilibrium constants were determined. A shift of the peak potential on voltammograms accompanying formation of the boronate complex with FcBA was proposed as a probe for electrochemical characterization of surface-confined diol-containing structures. The model experiments were carried out using sorbitol- and 1,6-hexandiol-modified polyepichlorhydrin conjugates deposited on the electrodes; the former compound was able to form the boronate complex while no change of the peak potential for the latter conjugate was observed. This approach seems promising for artificial bioelectronic affinity receptors and technology of reagentless biosensors where the binding interaction directly stimulates a measurable electrochemical event.     

Scintillation properties of Pr3+-doped lutetium and yttrium aluminum garnets: Comparison with Ce3+-doped ones

Scintillation properties of Pr³⁺-doped LuAG and YAG crystals were investigated and compared with those of Ce³⁺-doped ones. The highest L.Y.’s were observed with the longest shaping time 10 μs. They can reach up to ～16,000 ph/MeV or ～23,500 ph/MeV for LuAG:Pr and LuAG:Ce, respectively. Energy resolutions (FWHM) are a bit better with LuAG:Pr than those of LuAG:Ce, e.g. at 662 keV FWHM are around 6% and between 8–12%, respectively. There were observed no large changes in proportionality of Pr³⁺- or Ce³⁺-doped LuAG or YAG crystals but the best proportionality has YAP:Ce crystal. Pr³⁺- or Ce³⁺-doped LuAG crystals exhibit slow decay components in the time range 1.5–3.5 μs while those of YAG ones have shorter decay components between 0.3–1.7 μs.     

Univariate statistical analysis of environmental (compositional) data: Problems and possibilities

For almost 30 years it has been known that compositional (closed) data have special geometrical properties. In environmental sciences, where the concentration of chemical elements in different sample materials is investigated, almost all datasets are compositional. In general, compositional data are parts of a whole which only give relative information. Data that sum up to a constant, e.g. 100 wt.%, 1,000,000 mg/kg are the best known example. It is widely neglected that the “closure” characteristic remains even if only one of all possible elements is measured, it is an inherent property of compositional data. No variable is free to vary independent of all the others.Existing transformations to “open” closed data are seldom applied. They are more complicated than a log transformation and the relationship to the original data unit is lost. Results obtained when using classical statistical techniques for data analysis appeared reasonable and the possible consequences of working with closed data were rarely questioned. Here the simple univariate case of data analysis is investigated. It can be demonstrated that data closure must be overcome prior to calculating even simple statistical measures like mean or standard deviation or plotting graphs of the data distribution, e.g. a histogram. Some measures like the standard deviation (or the variance) make no statistical sense with closed data and all statistical tests building on the standard deviation (or variance) will thus provide erroneous results if used with the original data.     

Influence of hydrogen contamination by mercury on the lifetime of the PEM-type fuel cell

The subject of this study is the influence of traces of mercury present in the hydrogen originating e.g. from the amalgam technology of brine electrolysis on the lifetime of PEM-type fuel cell. Accelerated tests were used in order to record deterioration of laboratory fuel cells’ performance. The power output decrease observed was only partly reversible. As was proven by XPS spectroscopy, the cell performance deterioration originates from the interaction between mercury and the platinum catalyst. The lifetime of the fuel cell was assessed on the basis of the experiments performed as 7000 h for an average mercury concentration in the hydrogen of 10 μg N m⁻³. This is a sufficient value to permit utilization of the hydrogen from this source as a fuel for the fuel cell. It should be kept in the mind, however, that this value was obtained on the basis of the accelerated durability tests.