Multinuclear Metal Carbonyl Alkoxide and Aryloxide Derivatives as Models for Metal Carbonyls Adsorbed on Metal Oxide Supports

The synthesis and characterization of two tungsten carbonyl dimers containing bridging alkoxide or aryloxide ligands are described. The crystal and molecular structures of [PPN]₂[W₂(CO)₈(OCH₂CF₃)₂], 1, and [Et₄N]₃[W₂(CO)₆-(OPh)₃]-CH₃CN, 2 , are reported and compared with the structures of tetranuclear tungsten derivatives previously described. The dimer 1 crystalizes in the triclinic space group P 1 with unit cell parameters a = 13.460(11) Å, b = 12.318(5) Å, c = 13.842(10) Å, α = 82.73(5)°, β = 59.11(5)°, γ= 80.09(5)°, V = 1938(2) ų, and Z = 1. The complex 2 crystalizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/n with unit cell parameters a = 11.954(2) Å, b = 19.359(4) Å, c = 26.462(5) Å, β = 102.50(16)°, V = 5979(2) ų, Z = 4. Molecular modeling software was utilized to construct a tetranuclear derivative from 1 similar to the structurally characterized [W(CO)₃OH]₄₋⁴ tetramer. The two tetramers were found to possess similar molecular parameters. This supports the contention that dimers of type 1 are the precursors of the tetramers. Comparisons of the tungsten alkoxides and aryloxides with the behavior of W(CO)₆ on γ-alumina are provided.     

Differences between traits: Properties associated with interjudge agreement.

The present study concerns the relation between properties of personality traits and the agreement with which they are applied to real individuals. Subjects rated the 100 personality items of the California Q-Set on nine subjective dimensions, six of which loaded highly on a first principal component. This factor was interpreted as reflecting each trait's "easy visibility" to an outside observer. Actual interjudge agreement in applying each trait to real individuals was assessed in two ways: Self–other agreement was assessed in two independent samples, and interpeer agreement was assessed in three samples. Impressive and stable agreement was found for most Q items. The traits that were applied to individuals with the greatest interjudge agreement were the same ones that seemed most easily visible and tended to be positively relevant to extraversion and negatively relevant to neuroticism (identified through a factor analysis by McCrae, Costa, & Busch, 1986). The results suggest (a) that traits defining extraversion are revealed relatively directly in social behavior and, therefore, are easy to judge, (b) that traits defining neuroticism are less visible and, so, are judged less accurately, and (c) that lay perceivers of personality are generally sensitive to this difference between traits. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Social class and the nature of the incentive in discrimination learning.

"… it… [was] predicted that an interaction exists between social class and the nature of the incentive. Supecifically, it was believed that a nonmaterial incentive is as effective as a material incentive for middle-class Ss, whereas, for lower-class Ss a material incentive is more effective than a nonmaterial one." This belief was tested and results indicate that middle-class "children learn more quickly when given a nonmaterial incentive than when given a material incentive, while the reverse [was] true of lower-class children." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Discussion of Gilliland and Newman's "The Humm-Wadsworth Temperament Scale as an indicator of the 'problem' employee."

"It is implied by Gilliland and Newman [see 28: 3350] that they used Humm's procedures in classifying their subjects according to 'risk'… but they do not appear to have done so, and… The only conclusion we are able to draw from this study is that it supports our own contention that over-simplified procedures are inadequate for appraising workers, but that it offers no evidence as to the effectiveness of the Humm-Wadsworth, properly used… ." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Confidentiality: Its effect on interviewee behavior.

It is generally assumed that the promise of confidentiality is an essential ingredient in inducing people to reveal important and intimate matters to a therapist. The present study investigated this question by means of an interview analog. 30 male and 30 female undergraduates were administered a standardized interview composed of items requiring various levels of intimate responding under conditions that promised confidentiality, nonconfidentiality, or no expectation of confidentiality. Ss receiving the promise of confidentiality were more open in their disclosures than those given nonconfidential instructions. Results also show that the possible release of confidential information was less negatively viewed by males than by females. The effects of fully disclosing the limits of confidentiality with a client are discussed. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS) for women: Development and validation.

Four studies were conducted to develop and validate the Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS), a measure of sexual assertiveness in women that consists of factors measuring initiation, refusal, and pregnancy-sexually transmitted disease prevention assertiveness. A total of 1,613 women from both university and community populations were studied. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that the 3 factors remained stable across samples of university and community women. A structural model was tested in 2 samples, indicating that sexual experience, anticipated negative partner response, and self-efficacy are consistent predictors of sexual assertiveness. Sexual assertiveness was found to be somewhat related to relationship satisfaction, power, and length. The community sample was retested after 6 months and 1 year to establish test-retest reliability. The SAS provides a reliable instrument for assessing and understanding women's sexual assertiveness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of contextual organization on spatial memory of middle-aged and older women.

Examined the memory performance of 20 women aged 31–59 yrs and 20 aged 65–85. Ss reconstructed spatial arrays, replacing miniature objects in either a contextually organized panorama or a noncontextually organized bank of cubicles. Performance of the middle-aged Ss did not differ between the 2 tasks. Older Ss performed as well as middle-aged Ss in the panorama task, but in the cubicles task their scores were lower than in the panorama task and lower than those of the younger Ss in the cubicles task. Results support the conclusion that in a task that allows the use of existing contextual organization as a memory aid, age differences in memory performance disappear. Age differences may be limited to tasks that remove previously learned relationships between items (as in recall of lists of unrelated words), requiring Ss to invent an organizational structure to facilitate recall. Though such tasks predominate in research, they probably do not represent the memory problems met in everyday life, especially by older adults. (30 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Aggression Upon Adolescent Cocaine Exposure Linked to Serotonin Anomalies: Theoretical Comment on Ricci et al. (2004).

Aggressive tendencies may be linked to the psychopharmacology of cocaine, yet few experimental approaches have been brought to bear on understanding the neurobiological implications of cocaine exposure during the developmentally sensitive period of adolescence. In this issue, Melloni and coauthors (L. A. Ricci, J. M. Grimes, & R. H. Melloni, 2004; see record 2004-19432-025) present convincing evidence that the development of serotonin signal cascades in key brain regions can be disrupted by cocaine administration, resulting in an aggressive response in adolescents. These findings may allow the development of new therapeutic approaches to tailor pharmacotherapy for adolescents experiencing problems with aggressive behavior and/or impulse control associated with illicit drug use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Matchmaker, matchmaker, can you make me a match? Predicting liking between two unacquainted persons.

This research examined liking predictions for 2 unacquainted persons made by a 3rd person who was acquainted with both targets. Both the process by which these predictions were made and the accuracy of these predictions were explored. A total of 120 women in 24 five-person groups was studied. Using a Social Relations Model (SRM) analysis (D. A. Kenny and L. La Voie, 1984), it was found that Ss relied on their own liking for the 2 targets, balance, and reciprocity to predict the targets' liking for each other. Evidence from notes taken about the interactions and justifications for Ss' predictions indicated that Ss used perceived similarity of the targets as a basis for liking predictions. Although Ss were somewhat accurate at predicting general popularity levels, little accuracy was found at the dyadic level. The process by which these predictions are made is discussed in terms of person perception, balance theory, and the use of similarity as a determinant of liking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attitudes toward psychology relative to other disciplines.

In a rapidly changing health care marketplace, professional psychologists are increasingly concerned about the public's attitude toward psychology. In two samples, one of the general population and one of college faculty, both psychology and sociology were rated as having made less important contributions to society and as having less expertise than biology, chemistry, medicine, and physics. The implications of these findings are considered in relation to the recent American Psychological Association (APA) public education campaign and the field's century-long concern about the public perception of psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)