Estimation of the error and interference immunity of the analog-to-digital conversion path in automatic control systems

A technique has been devised for determination of the error and interference immunity of the analog- to-digital conversion path in automatic control systems using moving digital averaging. The estimates of the errors and interference immunity of the analog-to-digital conversion path under the moving averaging have been analyzed and compared with the corresponding estimates obtained under averaging within the time-sampling interval and in the absence of averaging. Effective analytical expressions have been obtained to analyze the estimates of the errors and interference immunity of the analog-to-digital conversion of stationary random signals and additive interference. The calculated errors for various differentiable and nondifferentiable random signals given by autocorrelation functions have been analyzed. The influence of the number of the averaged readouts of the random signal and the time-sampling interval on the estimates of the errors and interference immunity have been investigated. The advantage of the moving averaging over the averaging within the time-sampling interval has been demonstrated. The calculated ratios allow, with the known signal and interference models and preset permissible-error estimate, selecting the parameters of the conversion path, i.e., the time-sampling interval, the number of the readouts of the converted sum of the random signal and interference under the averaging, and the effective number of bits of the analog-to-digital converter, under the conditions when the lag error cannot be excluded and the latter is excluded. The equations that allow the evaluation of the interference immunity of the conversion path are provided.     

特大城市地区如何引领实现百年目标

正吴唯佳(中国城市规划学会常务理事,清华大学建筑学院教授,本学术对话主持人):在2020年全面建成小康社会、实现第一个百年目标后,我国将为2049年实现第二个百年目标,建设现代化强国而奋斗。北京、天津、武汉等城市此前已开始加强2049战略研究。特大城市地区是以特大城市为核心,大中小城市相结合的城市密集地区,是我国现代化、城市化的战略引领地区。如何肩负使命,总结经验,认识规律,引领实现     

Spatial model selection strategies in a SUR framework. The case of regional productivity in EU

The purpose of the paper was to compare two well-known model selection strategies, the so-called Specific-to-General, Stge, and General-to-Specific, Gets, in a context of spatial SUR models. The two strategies use a battery of misspecification tests obtained in a maximum likelihood framework. The robust tests to local misspecification errors in the alternative hypothesis and the common factor test have been developed with this purpose. The paper includes a Monte Carlo experiment to compare their performance in a situation of small sample sizes. The results are mixed: Both alternatives work well under ideal conditions, but their efficiency deteriorates for different departures such as non-normality or endogeneity. All in all, Stge appears to be slightly preferable although our impression is that the two are complementary and can be used in common. The paper finishes with an application to the case of productivity for a large set of European regions.     

High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Conventional and Nb-Modified MAR-M246 Ni-Based Superalloy

The present investigations focused on the thermal oxidation of two variants of MAR-M246 alloy having the same contents of Ta and Nb in at. pct, considering the effects of total replacement of Ta by Nb. The alloys were produced by investment casting using high purity elements in induction furnace under vacuum atmosphere. The alloys were oxidized pseudo-isothermally at 800 °C, 900 °C and 1000 °C up to 1000 hours under lab air. Protective oxidation products growing on the surface of the oxidized samples were mainly Al₂O₃, Cr₂O₃. Other less protective oxide such as spinels (NiCr₂O₄ and CoCr₂O₄) and TiO₂ were also detected as oxidation products. The conventional alloy exhibited slight internal oxidation at 800 °C and an enhanced resistance at 900 °C and 1000 °C. The Nb-modified alloy presented an exacerbated internal oxidation and nitridation at 900 °C and 1000 °C and an enhanced resistance at 800 °C. At 1000 °C, Nb-modified alloy was particularly affected by excessive spalling as the main damage mechanisms. From a kinetic point of view, both alloys exhibit the same behavior at 800 °C and 900 °C, with k_p values typical of alumina forming alloys (2 × 10⁻¹⁴ to 3.6 × 10⁻¹³ g² cm⁻⁴ s⁻¹). However, Ta modified alloys exhibited superior oxidation resistance at 1000 °C when compared to the Nb modified alloy due to better adherence of the protective oxide scale.

     

Substrate Stimulated Orientation for Pure Aluminum

Oriented materials are of great importance, but their formation is rarely described. Here, nine Al/Al₂O₃ systems were designed to identify the dominant factors. Electron back-scattered diffraction indicates that the new Al crystal(s) with one or multiple orientation(s) can be stimulated by one single-crystal Al₂O₃ substrates. Synchrotron radiation diffraction shows that the preferred orientation(s) is/are determined based on the initial stage of the liquid–solid transition. The nonpreferred orientation can be suppressed through competition.

     

Microstructural Features of Low-Alloy Pipeline Steels that Determine Impact Strength of Welded Joint Heat-Affected Zone

Metallurgist - Microstructural mechanisms reducing the impact strength values of a coarse grained heat-affected zone are studied for two K60 microalloyed steels. Research is conducted on specimens...     

Power Supply at Metallurgical Iron-and-Steel Works: Features and Development Prospects

Metallurgist - The article provides a brief assessment of the current state of power supply units at metallurgical plants and prospects for their future development. The principal power-supply...     

减少沥青路面横向裂缝的措施

随着交通量不断增长,车辆重载、超载现象日益严重。沥青路面通车一段时间后,常常出现不同程度的横向裂缝。分析了沥青路面横向裂缝产生的原因和危害,同时提出了相应的裂缝防治措施。