A fracture mechanics approach to the failure of graphite in laboratory tests

Laboratory tests show that for some graphites the calculated stress at failure exceeds the tensile strength in uniform tension by an amount which depends on the test considered and increases with the severity of the stress gradient. Fracture mechanics has been applied to bend, internal pressure and diametral compression tests to investigate whether it can provide a consistent failure criterion for graphite in situations where stress gradients are important. A finite element method of analysis has been used to compute the stress distributions in specimens containing cracks of various lengths, from which energy release rates and stress intensity factors have been derived. The results indicate that there is not constant effective inherent crack size which can be employed with a constant critical stress intensity factor K _IC to predict the failure conditions in the three tests considered. However, assuming a constant K _IC, a relationship has been found between the effective inherent crack size responsible for failure and the maximum stress gradient in a specimen, which may be of value in developing a fracture criterion for practical purposes.

---

Résumé On montre par des essais de laboratoire que, dans le cas de certains graphites, la contrainte calculée à la rupture dépasse la tension de rupture en traction uniforme d'une quantité qui dépend de l'essai et qui s'accroit avec la sévérité du gradient de contrainte. La mécanique de rupture a été appliquée à des essais de flexion, de pression interne et de compression diamétrale, afin de se rendre compte si elle pourrait fournir un critère de rupture significatif pour le graphite pour les cas où les gradients de contraintes sont importants. Une méthode d'analyse par éléments finis a été appliquée au calcul des distributions des contraintes dans des éprouvettes comportant des fissures de différentes longueurs. On en a tiré les taux de relaxation de l'énergie de déformation et les facteurs d'intensité des contraintes. Les résultats montrent qu'il n'y a pas de dimensions effectivement constantes de fissure susceptible d'être associée à un facteur d'intensité des contraintes constant K _IC pour prédire la rupture dans les trois essais envisagés. Toutefois, en supposant une valeur constante pour K _IC, on a pu établir une relation entre la dimension effective de la fissure provoquant la rupture et le gradient maximum de contrainte dans l'éprouvette. Cette constatation peut être intéressante pour développer un critère de rupture correspondant à des problèmes pratiques.

     

The lower cervical spine in trauma: a study of false-negative and false-positive findings

Evaluation of roentgenographic studies of the lower cervical spine may be complicated by posttraumatic immobility, certain body types, and technical factors which produce equivocal findings. False-positive and false-negative findings are reported, with suggestions for additional views and more diagnostic evaluation.     

Evidence for plasmid-associated crystal toxin production in Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis

Three crystalliferous (Cry+) strains of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (serotype 14) that produce parasporal protein crystals toxic to dipteran larvae and several acrystalliferous (Cry-) mutants, either induced or spontaneously derived from a single Cry+ parent, were examined for the presence of covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA in attempts to correlate toxin production with the presence of a specific plasmid. The plasmid profiles of both Cry+ and Cry- variants were analyzed by both a cleared lysate- and a modified Eckhardt lysate-electrophoresis technique. All of the Cry- mutants derived from the Cry+ parental strain had lost a 4.0- to 4.4-megadalton (Mdal) plasmid. Bioassay data confirmed loss of toxin production by the Cry- variants. All three Cry+ strains, including the parent of the Cry- strains, contained CCC plasmids DNAs of the following approximate molecular weights: 4.0 to 4.4, 5.2 to 6.0, and 11.4 to 13.0 Mdal. One Cry+ strain contained an additional CCC plasmid of 6.7 to 7.2 Mdal. The plasmid patterns for several Cry- derivatives differed in other respects from the pattern for their parent strain. The various Cry+ and Cry- strains could be distinguished either by phenotypical differences in antibiotic sensitivity, crystal production, and toxicity, or by differences in their plasmid profiles.     

Treating Pseudomonas cepacia meningitis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

An infant with neonatal meningitis caused by Pseudomonas cepacia responded promptly to treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) after other abtibiotics had failed. Pseudomonas cepacia has proven to be resistant to most of the commonly used antibiotics.     

Study of the variables affecting pressure drop and temperature rise in blow molding dies

The extrusion head systems for both pipe and blow molding were analyzed theoretically and relationships derived between pressure drop and temperature rise for various materials at different flow rates and die restrictions. Because of the complexity of the geometry involved, the die was segmented into several sections axially and momentum and energy equations for these sections were solved with the help of IBM 360. The floating boundary conditions were used in order to take into account the nature of the flow phenomenon involved. To complement and support this theoretical work, rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bottle compounds were used to obtain extrusion data on a 3½ inch extruder with several different die sizes. A good agreement was found between the predicted versus experimental data. Results showed that temperature rise in the die systems in significant and that neglecting it would result in a gross error in the calculated pressure drop. Based on this work, a simplified version of the theoretical equation was developed to serve as an engineering tool in estimating pressure drop and stock temperature for a given material where extreme accuracy is not essential. Results of the engineering equation which contains several empirical constants correlate well with the data and support the theoretical effort.     

Antioxidant effects in PVC plasticized with DIDA

Antioxidants such as bisphenol A (BPA) have long been recommended for retention of physical properties on oven-aging of PVC plasticized with certain plasticizers. We have shown how BPA inhibits oxidative fragmentation of plasticizers such as diisodecyl adipate (DIDA) and thus decreases apparent volatility, and how it improves retention of modulus, elongation, and low temperature flexibility. Low concentrations are more beneficial than either zero or high concentrations, especially on longer aging. At higher concentrations, although the plasticizer is retained in the PVC, it becomes less efficient at low temperature, and low-temperature flex is impaired while elongation is preserved. DIDA exudes during oven-aging unless oxidation occurs to prevent it. When BPA is present, exudation is worst at the most efficient concentrations of antioxidant. This appears to be the normal incompatibility of DIDA at 105°C which is permitted by the antioxidant. On oxidation, the dielectric constant of DIDA rises into the 4–8 range, signifying compatibility with PVC, and the DIDA does not exude.     

Isolation of a spotted fever group rickettsia from the Pacific Coast tick, Ixodes pacificus, in Oregon

A rickettsia of the spotted fever group was isolated on three occasions from Ixodes pacificus in western Oregon. These isolations, and additional evidence furnished by complement fixation tests on guinea pigs inoculated with other Oregon ticks of this species, indicate that the association of this rickettsia with the Pacific Coast tick may be widespread. This is the first isolation of a spotted fever group rickettsia from I. pacificus. Because the Oregon isolates are mildly virulent for guinea pigs they resemble the Western U and Rickettsia montana strains of rickettsiae. However, preliminary evidence from cross-immunofluorescence tests of mouse antisera suggests the Tillamook and Grants Pass strains are antigenically different from all known spotted fever group agents.