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111.
The pulsed operation of the hot filament gauge according to Pirani offers several advantages: extension of the measuring range towards larger pressures, reduced influence of the gas species, and smaller power consumption. The heating and cooling of the wire has already been experimentally investigated. However, the observed characteristics in its details can not be easily understood. In the present paper, we report on theoretical calculations of the heating and cooling processes of the sensor system consisting of wire and surrounding gas. The processes can be modelled by the Fourier differential equation of heat transport. Calculations can be performed more easily by dividing the interior of the sensor into discrete annular elements and applying the finite‐element‐method under the given boundary conditions. The results provide a quantitative and illustrative presentation of the radial temperature profile of the gas and of its time‐evolution. 相似文献
112.
通过概率模拟的方法,建立了金属喷射成型过程中大量金属液滴的统计模型.应用该模型对喷射成型过程中钢液的喷射过程进行了研究,给出了在喷射过程中不同尺寸液滴的分布,以及不同液滴产生的位置、初速度分布.通过大量液滴的统计,确定出整个喷射过程液滴的产生、运动情况,为进一步研究液滴在沉积面上的沉积情况提供前提和依据. 相似文献
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A computational fluid dynamic simulation of the electrolyte flow in a full-scale copper electrorefining tankhouse cell has been performed. The electrolyte flow is effected by small scale events caused by concentration gradients very close to the electrode surfaces as well as by large scale events caused by the circulation of a fresh electrolyte. The electrolyte flow patterns in the tankhouse cell have been successfully modelled by using a hybrid global and local simulation approach. To verify the simulation model, a set of tracer experiments has been performed on an industrial tankhouse cell, and a very good agreement between the model and the experiments has been found. 相似文献
115.
Heat dissipation enhancement of LED luminaries is of great significance to the large-scale application of LED. Luminaries-level structure improvement by the method of boring through-hole is adopted to intensify heat dissipation. Furthermore, the natural convection heat transfer process of LED luminaries is simulated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model before and after the structural modification. As shown by computational results, boring through-hole is beneficial to develop bottom-to-top natural convection, eliminate local circumfluence, and finally form better flow pattern. Analysis based on field synergy principle shows that boring through-hole across LED luminaries improves the synergy between flow field and temperature field, and effectively decreases the thermal resistance of luminaries-level heat dissipation structure. Under the same computational conditions, by luminaries-level structure improvement the highest temperature of heat sink is decreased by about 8°C and the average heat transfer coefficient is increased by 45.8%. 相似文献
116.
P. Moçotéguy B. Ludwig D. Beretta T. Pedersen 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(10):7475-7488
Reactants utilization is a key stake for a PEMFC system: a too low utilization leads to a waste of reactant but a too high utilization may result in a detrimental starvation. To study these impacts, two commercial stacks were characterised by impedance spectroscopy under different hydrogen and oxygen utilizations (from nominal conditions to quasi-starvation). One was fresh while the other was operated on-field during 10,000 h. This study shows that the two capacitive loops in the lowest frequency range (1 Hz and below) correspond respectively to oxygen and hydrogen mass transfer limitations: the limiting reactant can be clearly identified from the impacted frequencies. The size of these loops was increased by up to 30% when the cell operated at high reactant utilizations. These results could therefore pave the way to the development of algorithms able to estimate the degree of starvation of some cells. 相似文献
117.
The macroscopic mechanical properties of colloidal particle gels strongly depend on the local arrangement of the powder particles. Experiments have shown that more heterogeneous microstructures exhibit up to one order of magnitude higher elastic properties than their more homogeneous counterparts at equal volume fraction. In this paper, packings of spherical particles are used as model structures to computationally investigate the elastic properties of coagulated particle gels as a function of their degree of heterogeneity. The discrete element model comprises a linear elastic contact law, particle bonding and damping. The simulation parameters were calibrated using a homogeneous and a heterogeneous microstructure originating from earlier Brownian dynamics simulations. A systematic study of the elastic properties as a function of the degree of heterogeneity was performed using two sets of microstructures obtained from Brownian dynamics simulation and from the void expansion method. Both sets cover a broad and to a large extent overlapping range of degrees of heterogeneity. The simulations have shown that the elastic properties as a function of the degree of heterogeneity are independent of the structure generation algorithm and that the relation between the shear modulus and the degree of heterogeneity can be well described by a power law. This suggests the presence of a critical degree of heterogeneity and, therefore, a phase transition between a phase with finite and one with zero elastic properties. 相似文献
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120.
Study on photocatalysis of TiO
2
nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at low temperature
TiO2 nanotubes were synthesized by the solvothermal process at low temperature in a highly alkaline water–methanol mixed solution. Their characteristics were identified by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), specific surface area (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. The as-prepared samples were tested by the photodegradation reaction of methylene blue (MB) dye under visible-light irradiation. The ratios of methanol and water, as well as calcination temperature, affected the morphology, nanostructure and photocatalytic performance. The methanol solvent plays an important role in improving crystallization of the anatase phase, which affects the photocatalytic reaction. Titanate nanotubes were synthesized in methanol–water volume ratios of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 which still had high absorbability. Titania nanotubes formed at a calcination temperature of 300 °C using methanol–water volume ratio of 30:70 showed highest photocatalytic performance, much higher than that using water solvent and TiO2–P25 powder. 相似文献