Epidemiology of osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma in childhood: a study of 305 cases by the Children's Cancer Group

BACKGROUND: The Children's Cancer Group conducted a case-control study to determine the role of a broad range of environmental and familial factors in the etiology of Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma in children. These factors included radiation exposure and, for children with osteosarcoma, parental exposure to beryllium. METHODS: The parents of 152 children with osteosarcoma and 153 children with Ewing's sarcoma were interviewed by telephone. Controls were obtained by random digit dialing and were matched to cases by age and race. RESULTS: Female osteosarcoma patients had earlier onset of breast development (age 11.4 vs. 11.8 years, P=0.03) and menarche (age 12.1 vs. 12.5 years, P=0.002) but no significant differences in growth, whereas male osteosarcoma patients were similar in age at the onset of secondary sexual characteristics but reported significantly less weight gain during their growth spurt (6.6 vs. 11.7 kg, P=0.003). For children with Ewing's sarcoma, the growth spurt began earlier (age 12.1 vs. 12.7 years, P=0.12) and resulted in less weight and height gain (5.2 vs. 9.7 kg, P=0.002, and 10.2 vs. 12.7 cm, P=0.02, respectively) for males, but no differences were observed among females. For factors not related to growth and development (including a wide range of occupational, medical, and household exposures), there was little evidence of an etiologic role with respect to either tumor type. CONCLUSIONS: Differences between cases and controls with respect to growth and development showed no consistent pattern. This study did not identify any important risk factors for either type of childhood bone tumor.     

Comparison of graphic symbol learning in individuals with aphasia and right hemisphere brain damage

This study compared the differences in performance on recognition of graphic symbols across time by individuals with aphasia, individuals with right-hemisphere brain damage, and neurologically normal adults. The subjects, seen individually, learned 40 Blissymbols. The symbols were selected so that the effects of symbol translucency and complexity on the recognition of graphic symbols could be examined. A paired-associate learning paradigm was used to teach the symbol-referent pairs to subjects. The results indicated that individuals with aphasia and neurologically normal adults do not differ significantly in recognition of graphic symbols. However, individuals with right-hemisphere damage recognized fewer symbols compared to individuals with aphasia and normal adults, suggesting that they have difficulty in associative learning of graphic symbols. Additionally, translucency was found to be a potent factor in the recognition of Blissymbols by all groups. The finding that individuals with severe chronic aphasia can learn and retain graphic symbols has significant clinical implications for aphasia rehabilitation.     

Month of birth and schizophrenia in Taiwan: effect of gender, family history and age at onset

Schizophrenic patients have been shown to have a moderate excess of winter births in the areas where seasonal variations in weather are large. In this report, we examined the seasonality of schizophrenic births in Taiwan, which has a subtropical climate. Using nationwide hospitalization data (2429 male and 1320 female schizophrenic patients), we applied the life table method to compare the risk of schizophrenia among 12 cohorts of month-of-birth for males and females, respectively. Differences among the risks of the 12 cohorts were tested using the logrank test. The samples were further stratified by family history and age at onset. There was a significant association between the risk of being admitted as a schizophrenic and month of birth for both males and females. The cohorts born in November and January had the highest risks. After stratification, the association was significant only for non-familial, male, and early onset schizophrenic patients. The results indicate that seasonally varying factors might increase the risk of schizophrenia, especially in those without a family history of the disease. Men are more vulnerable to such factors than women, and the schizophrenics resulting from such insults tend to be early onset.     

Angiotensin II mediates systemic rebound hypertension after cessation of prostacyclin infusion in sheep

Prostacyclin (or epoprostenol), an arachidonic acid metabolite, is an effective treatment for patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Interruption of chronic prostacyclin infusion can result in recurrent symptoms of dyspnea and fatigue. The etiology of this phenomenon is unknown. We hypothesized that sympathoadrenal activation could lead to increased vascular tone after abrupt termination of the infusion. To evaluate this effect, we monitored six chronically instrumented, awake sheep during and after infusion of prostacyclin. Prostacyclin decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 14% and increased cardiac output by 33%. After the infusion ceased, MAP rebounded 23% above baseline, and cardiac output decreased by 28% from peak values within 10 min. We were unable to demonstrate an increase in norepinephrine levels after cessation of prostacyclin, nor did alpha-adrenergic blockade affect postinfusion hemodynamics. However, plasma renin activity increased >10-fold at peak infusion and remained elevated for up to 2 h after discontinuation of prostacyclin. Coinfusion of the angiotensin II-receptor antagonist L-158,809 resulted in complete abrogation of the postcessation rise in MAP. We conclude that renin-angiotensin system activation is primarily responsible for systemic hypertension occurring after abrupt cessation of prostacyclin infusion in sheep and that angiotensin II receptor blockade prevents this response. Our data do not support a role for sympathetic nervous system activation in the systemic pressor response after prostacyclin infusion.     

The effect of CO2 on the blocking of excitation conduction by local anesthetics in feline A-delta and C fibers]

The data obtained showed that the CO2 potentiated the conduction blockade of the saphenous nerve with tertiary amine trimecaine in anesthetised cats. The data suggests that acidification of cytoplasm with increased CO2 increases the concentration of active cationic protonated forms of a local anesthetic agent.     

Nutrition and physical activity program to attenuate obesity and promote physical and metabolic fitness in elementary school children

Obesity and low levels of physical and metabolic fitness are risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The purpose of this investigation was to attenuate obesity and improve physical and metabolic fitness in elementary school children. Schools have the opportunity, mechanisms, and personnel in place to deliver nutrition education, fitness activities, and a school food service that is nutritious and healthy. Cohorts from grades 3 to 5 in two school districts in rural Nebraska (Intervention/Control) participated in a 2-year study of physical activity and modified school lunch program. Data collection for aerobic capacity, body composition, blood chemistry, nutrition knowledge, energy intake, and physical activity was at the beginning and end of each year. Int received enhanced physical activity, grade specific nutrition education, and a lower fat and sodium school lunch program. Con continued with a regular school lunch and team sports activity program. At year 2, Int lunches had significantly less energy (9%), fat (25%), sodium (21%), and more fiber (17%). However, measures of 24-hour energy intake for Int and Con showed significant differences for sodium only. Physical activity in the classroom was 6% greater for Int compared to Con (p < 0.05) but physical activity outside of school was approximately 16% less for Int compared to Con (p < 0.05). Body weight and body fat were not different between schools for normal weight or obese children. No differences were found for cholesterol, insulin, and glucose; however, HDL cholesterol was significantly greater and cholesterol/HDL was significantly less for Int compared to Con (p < 0.05). It appears that compensation in both energy intake and physical activity outside of school may be responsible for the lack of differences between Int and Con.