The change in the peroxide values of corn and cottonseed oils under various storage conditions

Summary The relation between the formation of peroxides in corn and cottonseed oils and the development of rancidity have been studied under three types of storage conditions. A direct relation was shown to exist between them but the exact peroxide value at which organoleptic rancidity sets in depends upon such conditions as the amount of oxygen available, the temperature and the amount of surface exposed. Light exerts an accelerating influence upon the formation of peroxides as is shown by other work of the author’s now in the course of publication.     

Nuclear fission power for 21st century needs: Enabling technologies for large-scale, low-risk, affordable nuclear electricity

We examine the principal concerns regarding provision of a large fraction of human energy needs with nuclear fission reactor-derived electricity, and offer robust physics and engineering responses to each of them. We then propose a representative system-level integration of these solutions to the longstanding problems that have confronted nuclear fission-based power. This integration obviates all fuel supply issues, including the entire set of isotopic enrichment ones, while rendering comparably useful as nuclear fuels all of the actinide elements and isotopes. It entirely avoids transport and reprocessing and the full set of ad hoc waste disposal issues, and completely precludes all those involving proliferation/diversion of fissile isotopes into weapons' programs. It offers high-grade heat in pressurized helium gas for thermodynamically efficient, economically appealing, environmentally attractive combined-cycle conversion to electricity while robustly avoiding prospects of internal overheating of any portion of the reactor's core or fuel. It provides highly redundant means of any desired statistical reliability for prevention of core meltdown in LOCA circumstances. It provides zero biospheric hazard in event of either natural or man-made catastrophe. It requires – indeed, admits of – no operator control actions, other than initial start-up and final shutdown commands, so that operator errors are entirely precluded; during the half-century of potentially full-power operational life in between these two commands, it thermostatically regulates in an entirely automatic manner its own nuclear power generation to match the heat removed from its core in a time-varying fashion. The thorium-burning variant of this new class of reactors involves no long-lived actinide isotopes, thereby obviating a present-day keystone issue of long-term reactor waste storage and disposal. Each of these novel features is technologically separable, so that these new reactor design concepts may be applied piecewise to enhance prospects of nuclear reactor-centered power generation in many different utilization circumstances. However, synergisms arising from their full integration seem likely to be compellingly attractive in most situations, for a constellation of economic and safety reasons. We therefore project a bright future for cheap electricity safely obtained in >10 TWe quantities from nuclear power reactors of this new type, moreover over multi-century time frames. We observe that pertinent aspects of neutron physics and modern technology together offer a far richer spectrum of possibilities for nuclear power reactors than has been significantly explored through the present; the present architecture is merely exemplary.     

A parametric study of golf car and personal transport vehicle braking stability and their deficiencies

This paper describes research and parametric analyses of braking effectiveness and directional stability for golf cars, personal transport vehicles (PTVs) and low speed vehicles (LSVs). It is shown that current designs, which employ brakes on only the rear wheels, can lead to rollovers if the brakes are applied while traveling downhill. After summarizing the current state of existing safety standards and brake system designs, both of which appear deficient from a safety perspective, a previously developed dynamic simulation model is used to identify which parameters have the greatest influence on the vehicles’ yaw stability. The simulation results are then used to parametrically quantify which combination of these factors can lead to yaw induced rollover during hard braking. Vehicle velocity, steering input, path slope and tire friction are all identified as important parameters in determining braking stability, the effects of which on rollover propensity are presented graphically. The results further show that when vehicles are equipped with front brakes or four-wheel brakes, the probability of a yaw induced rollover is almost entirely eliminated. Furthermore, the parametric charts provided may be used as an aid in developing guidelines for golf car and PTV path design if rear brake vehicles are used.     

Theory of mercury porosimetry hysteresis

Intrusion—extrusion hysteresis and energy conservation in mercury porosimetry can be explained thermodynamically. In a first intrusion—extrusion cycle, hysteresis is explained and work is shown to be conserved when the processes of mercury entrapment and contact angle changes are considered. In subsequent cycles, when mercury entrapment ceases, it can be shown that work is conserved and hysteresis can be explained by the use of the correct intrusion and extrusion contact angles.     

Federal response to institutional abuse and neglect: The Protection and Advocacy for Mentally Ill Individuals Act.

Suggests that state institutions for mentally disabled people are often set in tranquil, rural surroundings that mask interiors filled with abuse, neglect, and tragedy. Factors are discussed that thwart efforts aimed at providing quality mental health services to individuals in need. In response to these conditions, the US Senate Subcommittee on the Handicapped developed the Protection and Advocacy for Mentally Ill Individuals Act, which became Public Law 99-319. This legislation established a nationwide system of protection and advocacy for mentally ill individuals in residential facilities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of complex flow kinematics on the molecular orientation distribution in injection molding of liquid crystalline copolyesters

Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) is used to probe the molecular orientation in steady isothermal complex channel flows (in situ) and in injection molded plaques (ex situ) of a new, low-cost aromatic copolyester based on the mesogen 4,4′-dihydroxy-α-methylstilbene (DHαMS). Complex orientation states arise from the competition of inhomogeneous mixed shear and extension in isothermal flows. Slit-contraction flows lead to a significant but temporary increase in the average degree of molecular orientation, suggesting that this polymer is of the ‘shear-tumbling’ type. Conversely, bimodal orientation states are observed in slit-expansion flows, where transverse extension leads to a strong reduction in the average degree of molecular orientation along the flow direction. Similar bimodal orientation states are observed in injection molded plaques, suggesting that these kinematic concepts translate rather directly to the more complex transient non-isothermal case of injection molding. Variations in orientation state induced by changes in plaque thickness may be rationalized by systematic changes in the relative importance of shear and extension. These results suggest a complementary perspective on ‘skin-core’ morphologies in liquid crystalline polymer moldings, and provide a clear conceptual link between more fundamental studies in isothermal flows and structure development during processing.     

Pore spectra from continuous scan mercury porosimetry

A method for obtaining pore spectra is described. Continuous pressure—volume data from mercury porosimetry were used to determine the volume distribution as a function of the intrusion and extrusion pressure or the pore radius for a number of porous samples.An explanation is offered for delayed intrusion of mercury into pores. Mercury vapor transfer has been postulated as a thermodynamically allowed mechanism in those few cases where pore size or constrictions prohibit liquid transfer.     

Rescue of osteoclast function by transgenic expression of kinase-deficient Src in src-/- mutant mice

The Src tyrosine kinase has been implicated in a wide variety of signal transduction pathways, yet despite the nearly ubiquitous expression of c-src, src-/- mice show only one major phenotype-osteopetrosis caused by an intrinsic defect in osteoclasts, the cells responsible for resorbing bone. To explore further the role of Src both in osteoclasts and other cell types, we have generated transgenic mice that express the wild-type and mutated versions of the chicken c-src proto-oncogene from the promoter of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), a gene that is expressed highly in osteoclasts. We demonstrate here that expression of a wild-type transgene in only a limited number of tissues can fully rescue the src-/- phenotype. Surprisingly, expression of kinase-defective alleles of c-src also reduces osteopetrosis in src-/- animals and partially rescues a defect in cytoskeletal organization observed in src-/- osteoclasts. These results suggest that there are essential kinase-independent functions for Src in vivo. Biochemical examination of osteoclasts from these mice suggest that Src may function in part by recruiting or activating other tyrosine kinases.     

Failure mechanisms of thermal barrier coatings exposed to elevated temperatures

The failure of a $\text{(ZrO}{}_2\text{-8\%Y}{}_2\text{O}{}_3\text{)}\text{(Ni-14\%Cr-14\%Al-0.1\%Zr)}$ coating system on René 41 in Mach 0.3 burner rig tests has been characterized. High flame and mental temperatures were employed in order to accelerate coating failure. Failure by delamination was shown to precede surface cracking or spalling. This type of failure could be duplicated by cooling the specimen after a single long duration isothermal high temperature cycle in a burner rig or a furnace, but only if the atmosphere was oxidizing. Stresses due to thermal expansion mismatch on cooling coupled with the effects of plastic deformation of the bond coat and oxidation of the irregular bond coat are the probable life-limiting factors. Heat-up stresses alone could not cause failure of the coating in the burner rig tests. Spalling eventually occurs on heat-up but only after the coating has already failed through delamination.     

Simulated effects of flow rate on phosphate retention in soils

Phosphate in waste water disposed in the field can be partially or wholly retained in soil, eliminating ground water pollution. The retention ability of soil is affected by many factors, such as soil pH, minerals, structure, water content, solute concentration, solution pH, etc. The flow rate of waste water within a soil profile may be an important factor as well. It is the purpose of this paper to simulate different flow patterns in soils and their effect on the renovation of waste water by soils. A system of partial differential equations, including water flow and phosphate transport equations with a P-soil reaction model, were solved simultaneously to simulate the saturated or unsaturated flow of phosphate solution and its reactions in soils. Euler implicit and general explicit finite difference methods were applied to solve these equations. The results indicate that phosphate retention by soils from a finite quantity of waste effluent could be increased by decreasing the flow rate. An on-and-off intermittent disposal of waste water would also increase the retention capacity when compared to continuous flooding of the same amount of effluent. The main cause of these effects is the difference of reaction time of phosphate with soils.