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101.
Lynn M. Hildemann Gregorry R. Markowski Michael C. Jones Glen R. Cass 《Aerosol science and technology》2013,47(1):138-152
The predominant peak in the mass distribution emitted from each source measured in this study occurs at or below about 0.2 μm in particle diameter, whereas the Los Angeles atmospheric aerosol contains peaks at a variety of sizes in the range between 0.1 and 1.0 μm in particle diameter, including peaks at sizes larger than 0.2 μm. This suggests that considerable modification of the primary aerosol size distribution occurs because of subsequent processes in the atmosphere. The data presented here are intended for use in defining the size distribution of the primary combustion source effluent for use with mathematical models of the evolution of the atmospheric aerosol size distribution. 相似文献
102.
Matthew E. Wise Scot T. Martin Lynn M. Russell Peter R. Buseck 《Aerosol science and technology》2013,47(4):281-294
Using an environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM), we show that a significant amount of water, far exceeding the multilayers caused by surface adsorption, is reversibly associated prior to deliquescence with substrate-supported NaCl particles (dry diameters of ~ 40 nm to 1.5 μ m; ~ 18°C). We hypothesize that the water is present as an aqueous solution containing dissolved Na and Cl ions. Water uptake occurs at relative humidities (RH) as low as 70%, and the resulting liquid layer coating the particles is stable over extended times if the RH is held constant. We exposed CaSO 4 and CaSO 4 · 2H 2 O particles to elevated RH values in the ETEM to show that chemically nonspecific condensation of gas-phase water on the TEM substrate does not explain our observations. Furthermore, damage to the NaCl surface induced by the electron beam and small fluctuations in RH do not seem to contribute to or otherwise affect water uptake. We have similar observations of water association for other alkali halide particles, including NaBr and CsCl, prior to deliquescence. To explain the observations, we derive the phase rule for this geometry and show that it allows for the coexistence of liquid, solid, and vapor for the binary NaCl/H 2 O system across a range of RH values. The derivation includes the effects of heterogeneous pressure because of the Laplace-Young relations for the subsystems. Furthermore, in view of the lever rule and the absence of similar observations for free-floating pure NaCl aerosol particles, we hypothesize that the surface energy necessary to support these effects is provided by sample-substrate interactions. Thus, the results of this study may be relevant to atmospheric systems in which soluble compounds are associated with insoluble materials. 相似文献
103.
ABSTRACT The absorption of H2S by large particles of limestone, dolomitic limestone and dolomite (average mass-radius of 0·40 mm) was tested under simulated coal gases. Below the calcination temperature of CaCO3 (about 900°C under 1 bar of CO2), complete conversion of the calcium carbonate to calcium sulfide can only be achieved with dolomite. Above the calcination temperature of CaCO3, the conversion to CaS is complete for all three sorbents in about one hour when 10,000 ppm H2S is present in the gas phase. Large particles of limestone thus appear to be a suitable sorbent for high-temperature coal-gas desulfurization (above about 900 °C). A mathematical model based on the kinetic information collected in this work predicts the desulfurization performance of a packed or moving bed of limestone particles. Finally, a low-temperature regeneration scheme for the spent sorbent (CaS) in which sulfur can be subsequently recovered as the element is suggested. 相似文献
104.
Manson Spero M.; Ackerson Lynn M.; Dick Rhonda Wiegman; Baron Anna E.; Fleming Candace M. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1990,2(3):231
The psychometric characteristics of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES–D) were investigated with American Indian boarding school students (N?=?188; Grades 9–12). The CES–D showed good internal consistency (α?=?.82). Its dimensional structure was different from that described for adults, both Indian and non-Indian. Of the Indian students, 58% were classified as depressed, using the standard cutoff score of 16 or more, consistent with past studies of this age group. Alternative scoring methods were considered, based on persistence of symptoms as well as derived Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) and Research Diagnostic Criteria algorithms. Major gender differences were observed in the prevalence of reported symptoms as well as patterns of endorsement for certain CES–D items. The CES–D should be used with caution with American Indian adolescents, given the observed variation in its dimensional structure and uncertainty regarding appropriate cutoff scores. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
105.
106.
Fuchs Lynn S.; Compton Donald L.; Fuchs Douglas; Paulsen Kimberly; Bryant Joan D.; Hamlett Carol L. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2005,97(3):493
This study examined the efficacy of preventive 1st-grade tutoring in mathematics, estimated the prevalence and severity of mathematics disability, and explored pretreatment cognitive characteristics associated with mathematics development. Participants were 564 first graders, 127 of whom were designated at risk (AR) for mathematics difficulty and randomly assigned to tutoring or control conditions. Before treatment, all participants were assessed on cognitive and academic measures. Tutoring occurred 3 times weekly for 16 weeks; treatment fidelity was documented; and math outcomes were assessed. Tutoring efficacy was supported on computation and concepts/applications, but not on fact fluency. Tutoring decreased the prevalence of math disability, with prevalence and severity varying as a function of identification method and math domain. Attention accounted for unique variance in predicting each aspect of end-of-year math performance. Other predictors, depending on the aspect of math performance, were nonverbal problem solving, working memory, and phonological processing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
107.
108.
Three social–cognitive models are presented as alternatives to dissociation theories of hypnotic involuntariness. In Model I, people are seen as intentionally enacting responses without being aware of the volitional quality of their acts. In Model II, hypnotic behaviors are seen as prepared responses that are triggered directly by suggestion. The first model corresponds to E. R. Hilgard's (1986) neodissociation theory and the second to K. S. Bowers's (1992) theory of dissociated control, but without positing dissociative mechanisms as explanatory constructs. These constructs are replaced by a consideration of the automaticity that is inherent in commonplace intentional behavior and the degree to which subjective experience is affected by beliefs and expectations. Finally, a composite model reconciling the contradictions between the two prior social–cognitive models is presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
109.
The Third Hans Cloos Lecture. Urban landslides: socioeconomic impacts and overview of mitigative strategies 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Robert L. Schuster Lynn M. Highland 《Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment》2007,66(1):1-27
As a result of population pressures, hillsides in the world’s urban areas are being developed at an accelerating rate. This
development increases the risk for urban landslides triggered by rainfall or earthquake activity. To counter this risk, four
approaches have been employed by landslide managers and urban planners: (1) restricting development in landslide-prone areas;
(2) implementing and enforcing excavation, grading, and construction codes; (3) protecting existing developments by physical
mitigation measures and (4) developing and installing monitoring and warning systems. Where they have been utilized, these
approaches generally have been effective in reducing the risk due to landslide hazards. In addition to these practices, landslide
insurance holds promise as a mitigative measure by reducing the financial impact of landslides on individual property owners.
Until recently, however, such insurance has not been widely available and, where it is available, it is so expensive that
it has been little used.
相似文献
110.
Compton Donald L.; Fuchs Douglas; Fuchs Lynn S.; Bryant Joan D. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2006,98(2):394
Response to intervention (RTI) models for identifying learning disabilities rely on the accurate identification of children who, without Tier 2 tutoring, would develop reading disability (RD). This study examined 2 questions concerning the use of 1st-grade data to predict future RD: (a) Does adding initial word identification fluency (WIF) and 5 weeks of WIF progress-monitoring data (WIF-Level and WIF-Slope) to a typical 1st-grade prediction battery improve RD prediction? and (b) Can classification tree analysis improve the prediction accuracy compared to logistic regression? Four classification models based on 206 1st-grade children followed through the end of 2nd grade were evaluated. A combination of initial WIF, WIF-Level, and WIF-Slope and classification tree analysis improved prediction sufficiently to recommend their use with RTI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献