The relationship between right duct lymph flow and extravascular lung water in dogs given alpha-naphthylthiourea

The relationship between right duct lymph flow and extravascular lung water was studied in 3 normal dogs and 15 dogs with pulmonary edema induced by alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU). Right duct lymph was collected in a pouch created by ligating jugular, subclavian, and brachiocephalic veins. Extravascular lung water was measured in vivo by double indicator dilution and post-mortem by weighting lungs before and after drying. Cardiac output, pulmonary artery and pulmonary artery wedge pressures, and the concentration of protein and electrolytes in plasma and right duct lymph were determined. Eight lungs were examined by light and electron microscopy. There was a direct relationship between right duct lymph flow (RDLF in milliters per hour per gram dry lung) and extravascular lung water (Qwl in milliliters per gram dry lung) which was best described by the equation RDLF=0.75-0.26 Qwl+0.03 (Qwl).2 Dogs with severe ANTU-induced edema had extensive lung capillary endothelial destruction but only mild interstitial swelling and no visible damage to type I alveolar epithelial cells. Cardiac output, pulmonary artery and wedge pressures, and protein and electrolyte concentrations did not correlate with either extravascular water or right duct flow. Thus, in ANTU-induced pulmonary edema right duct lymph flow was directly related to extravascular lung water with the highest flows occurring with severe edema. The absence of a rapid increase in lymph flow with small increases in extravascular water may be due to early sequestration of fluid in the alveolar space. Hemodynamic changes did not account for changes in lung water or lymph flow. The pulmonary interstitial factors relating increased extravascular water to lymph drainage remain to be determined.     

Soldiers of Saint Agatha: some campaigns against breast cancer. Fourth Wendell G. Scott Memorial Lecture. March 10, 1976

There have been real and heartening advances in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer during the past 20 years. A greater proportion of women with breast cancer can now be detected before cancer has metastasized. Some patients with breast cancer can now be cured by systemic chemotherapy. Much of the problem still remains to be researched, but the control of breast cancer can be realistically predicted.     

Primary nucleolus and amphinucleoli in the oocytes of Patella coerulea L. (Moll. Gast.)

Electron microscope observations show in the primary nucleolus some granulations with dimensions less 70 A than those of the amphinucleoli (90 A). Even though the primary nucleolus has a high RNA content, this has not a very active turnover except at the periphery, probably in relation to the emission of 'daughter-nucleoli'. The amphinucleoli, even though they do not have RNA which is cytochemically discloseable, possess, however, RNA at a very high rate of turnover.     

Accurate simulation of two-dimensional optical microcavities with uniquely solvable boundary integral equations and trigonometric Galerkin discretization

A fast and accurate method is developed to compute the natural frequencies and scattering characteristics of arbitrary-shape two-dimensional dielectric resonators. The problem is formulated in terms of a uniquely solvable set of second-kind boundary integral equations and discretized by the Galerkin method with angular exponents as global test and trial functions. The log-singular term is extracted from one of the kernels, and closed-form expressions are derived for the main parts of all the integral operators. The resulting discrete scheme has a very high convergence rate. The method is used in the simulation of several optical microcavities for modern dense wavelength-division-multiplexed systems.     

Effect of stair descent loading on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene wear in a force-controlled knee simulator

A loading protocol approximating forces, torques and motions at the knee during stair descent was developed from previously published data for input into a force-controlled knee simulator. A set of total knee replacements (TKRs) was subjected to standard walking cycles and stair descent cycles at a ratio of 70: 1 for 5 million cycles. Another set of implants with similar articular geometry and the same ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) resin (GUR 415), sterilization and packaging was tested with standard walking cycles only. Implant kinematics, gravimetric wear and surface roughness of the UHMWPE inserts were analysed for both sets of implants. Contact stresses were calculated for both loading protocols using a Hertzian line contact model. Significantly greater weight loss (p < 0.05) and more severe surface damage of UHMWPE inserts resulted with the walking + stair descent loading protocol compared to walking cycles only. Anterior-posterior (AP) tibiofemoral contact point displacements were lower during stair descent than walking, but not significantly different (p = 0.05). Contact stresses were significantly higher during stair descent than walking, owing to higher axial loads and the smaller radius of curvature of the femoral components at higher flexion angles. High contact stresses on UHMWPE components are likely to accelerate the fatigue of the material, resulting in more severe wear, similar to what is observed in retrieved implants. Thus the inclusion of loading protocols for activities of daily living in addition to walking is warranted for more realistic in vitro testing of TKRs.     

Predicting Leakage through Composite Landfill Liners

Leakage through composite landfill liners having various characteristics was analyzed using existing analytical and numerical models developed for the study. Three-dimensional numerical models were used to analyze leakage through circular defects and two-dimensional numerical models were used to analyze leakage from defective seams. Leakage rates predicted with the numerical models were compared to leakage rates predicted using existing equations and analytical models currently being used. These comparisons show that existing equations and analytical models all have limitations and no universal equation or method is available for predicting leakage rates. To overcome some of the deficiencies in the existing equations and models, new equations were developed based on results from the numerical models. Recommendations are made for using the new equations, existing equations, and analytical models to predict leakage rates in thick composite liners having a geomembrane overlaying a compacted soil liner and thin composite liners having a geomembrane overlaying a geosynthetic clay liner.     

Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer observations of geosynchronous satellites

Using a 15.9 m baseline at the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer (NPOI), we have successfully detected interferometric fringes in observations of the geosynchronous satellite (geosat) DirecTV-9S while it glinted on two nights in March 2009. The fringe visibilities can be fitted by a model consisting of two components, one resolved (?3.7 m) and one unresolved (～1.1 m). Both the length of the glint and the specular albedos are consistent with the notion that the glinting surfaces are not completely flat and scatter reflected sunlight into an opening angle of roughly 15°. Enhancements to the NPOI that would improve geosat observations include adding an infrared capability, which could extend the glint season, and adding larger, adaptive-optics equipped telescopes. Future work may test the feasibility of observing geosats with aperture-masked large telescopes and of developing an array of six to nine elements.     

X‐FEM in isogeometric analysis for linear fracture mechanics

The extended finite element method (X‐FEM) has proven to be an accurate, robust method for solving problems in fracture mechanics. X‐FEM has typically been used with elements using linear basis functions, although some work has been performed using quadratics. In the current work, the X‐FEM formulation is incorporated into isogeometric analysis to obtain solutions with higher order convergence rates for problems in linear fracture mechanics. In comparison with X‐FEM with conventional finite elements of equal degree, the NURBS‐based isogeometric analysis gives equal asymptotic convergence rates and equal accuracy with fewer degrees of freedom (DOF). Results for linear through quartic NURBS basis functions are presented for a multiplicity of one or a multiplicity equal the degree. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.