Functional properties of a protein product from Caryodendron orinocense (Barinas nut)

The functional properties of Caryodendron orinocense protein product were investigated and compared with those of soybean (Glycina maxima). The product protein content was 24.47 g/100 g (Nx6.25). Solubility increased at both sides of the isoelectric point (pH 4.0) and with increased NaCl concentration up to 0.5M. Compared with soybean flour (50% protein), the protein product exhibited higher water and oil absorption, but lower emulsifying activity, emulsion stability, foaming capacity, and foam stability, the last one increase at higher pH. Emulsifying activity, foaming capacity, and foam stability were ionic strength dependent. C. orinocense protein product increased its emulsifying activity steadily from 0.05M to 0.75M NaCl, while it remained almost constant for soybean flour. Foaming capacity increased drastically at pH 10. The minimum time and concentration to form a gel was 20% in 4 min and 10% in 8 min for the Caryodendron protein product and soybean flour, respectively. The bulk density was 0.5056+/-0.0041 g/mL.     

A Complete and Highly Effective Mothproofing Agent Comprising a Pyrethroid and a Hexahydropyrimidine

Pyrethroids, considered as a general class of compounds, have been shown to provide effective protection from the larvae of the keratin-digesting insects Tineola bisselliella H., Tinea pellionella Linn., Hofmannophila pseudo-spretella Station and Attagenus piceus Oliv. The position regarding the susceptibility of the furniture carpet beetle to pyrethroids is less clear, however. It has been reported that both deltamethrin and permethrin are effective against Anthrenus flavipes Le Conte, whilst permethrin is also reported elsewhere to be effective against the same species. Results obtained in our laboratory, however, have indicated that pyrethroids may offer inadequate protection against Anthrenus vorax Waterh. [1, 2]. This latter species is identical to Anthrenus flavipes var. seminiveus Casey, a colour variety of Anthrenus flavipes Le Conte. The 1,3-disubstituted5-phenylcarbamoyl-2,4,6-trioxo- and 4,6-dioxo-2-thione-hexahydropyrimidine derivatives described in this paper exhibit a surprisingly high and selective toxicity to the Anthrenus species. Thus, a combination of an appropriate hexahydropyrimidine with a suitable pyrethroid, e.g. permethrin, provides complete control of a wide range of commonly encountered textile insect pests. The influence of substituents on the mothproofing activity is discussed.     

Combustion of methane over palladium ZSM-5 and mordenite catalysts

The effect of Pd-loading on Pd-NaZSM-5 and Pd-NaMordenite catalysts prepared by ion exchange was studied for methane combustion with excess oxygen (1% CH₄, 18% O₂, balance N₂) in the temperature range 40–500°C. Fresh and calcined samples (3 h, 450°C) showed methane conversions proportional to Pd-loading on Pd-NaZSM-5 catalysts, while conversions decreased with Pd-loading on calcined Pd-NaMordenite catalysts. TOF (number of methane molecules converted per second per Pd²⁺ ion) for over exchanged Pd-NaZSM5-116 was low as compared to under exchanged Pd-NaZSM5-80 and Pd-NaZSM5-58 samples. Close TOF's were found for the last two samples at 330°C. TOF differences in Pd-NaMordenite catalysts demonstrate the heterogeneity of Pd⁺² sites due to structurally nonidentical locations of cations. TOF's appear to be related to Na/Pd ratios in both catalyst types. Apparent activation energies for Pd-NaZSM-5 materials are higher than those for Pd-NaMordenite catalysts.     

Influence of amorphous silica on the hydration of tricalcium aluminate

Amorphous silica influences tricalcium aluminate (C₃A) hydration both in pastes and in suspensions. Two heat peaks are found by isothermal calorimetry during the paste hydration of C₃A. The addition of amorphous silica causes the second heat peak to shift towards shorter reaction times and become more pronounced. In suspensions, the change in ion concentration in the water phase is not influenced by the presence of amorphous silica except that the change in concentration occurs more quickly. Quantitative X-ray analysis shows that more 3CaO.Al₂O₃.6H₂O is present in suspensions containing amorphous silica than in silica-free suspensions at equal hydration times.     

The combining of sodium chloride and calcium chloride by a number of different hardened cement pastes

A non-destructive method is presented to study the combining properties of a number of hardened cement pastes for NaCl and CaCl₂. Cements hardened with solutions of NaCl and of CaCl₂ are equilibrated in solutions of these electrolytes in a special way. To interpret the results, the equilibrium between the pore solution and the hardened cement is taken as a general solid/solution equilibrium. The equilibrium between the pore solution and the equilibrating solution is considered to be a liquid/liquid equilibrium. That means that the equilibrium concentrations in the equilibrating solution and the pore solution are equaL. Thus it is possible to calculate the dependence of the amount of chloride combined by the cement on the total amount added to the cement.     

Effect of different acids with Δ9,12-dienoic structures on Δ9 desaturation activity in rat liver microsomes

The effect of oral administration, for 24 or 48 hr, of different octadeca fatty acids containing a 9,12-dienoic structure on the fatty acid composition and Δ9 desaturation activity of liver microsomes of rat fed a fat-free diet was studied. The ethyl esters of linoelaidic and γ-linolenic acids, the methyl ester of linoleic acid and free columbinic acid were administered to rats maintained on a fat-free diet. The supplementation of the fat-free diet with linoelaidate produced no relevant changes in the fatty acid composition pattern of liver microsomes and did not modify the percentage of conversion of palmitic to palmitoleic acid. The addition of linoleate or γ-linolenate to the fat-free diet returned liver microsome Δ9 desaturation activity toward the control and partially restored the liver microsome fatty acid spectrum found in the fat-free diet. Columbinic acid (5-trans-9-cis,12-cis-18∶3), which cannot be transformed into arachidonic acid, also decreased the Δ9 desaturation activity enhanced by the fat-free diet and evoked changes in the microsomal fatty acid composition similar to those produced by the ω6 fatty acids. These results suggest that the modulation of Δ9 desaturase activity evoked by dietary administration of unsaturated acids of ω6 series would depend on thecis double bond configuration of these acids.     

A Method for Determining the Distribution of Cationic Shrink-resist Resins on Wool*

A method for determining the distribution of cationic shrink-resist resins on wool has been developed. The method is based on a staining technique, using an anionic fluorescent brightening agent (FBA) under specific conditions in which the FBA stains the cationic resin in preference to the wool. When the stained samples are observed under ultraviolet radiation by means of the optical microscope, the areas on the wool fibres where resin is located fluoresce, whereas areas free from resin appear dark. The technique is simple and rapid, and enables the regularity of deposition of cationic resins on wool to be followed when the various parameters which play a role in the pretreatment of the fibre and the application of resins are changed. Regularity of resin deposition is important in the achievement of high levels of shrink-resistance in treated fabrics.