Evaluation of aging pilots: evidence, policy, and future directions

A male patient presented with complaints of fever, cough with expectoration, burning micturition and 5-6 semisolid motions per day for the past 6 days. Skiagram chest (PA view) revealed lung abscess in the left mid zone. There was no improvement, symptomatically and radiologically, after an empirical course of antibiotics (IV ampicillin and gentamycin). Sputum, urine and stool cultures grew salmonella group E organisms sensitive only to cefotaxime. The patient was treated with IV cefotaxime and responded well clinically, radiologically and bacteriologically.     

Beneficial effects of S-adenosyl-L-methionine on blood-brain barrier breakdown and neuronal survival after transient cerebral ischemia in gerbils

In the present study, the effect of bradykinin on basal and precontracted mouse-isolated trachea was investigated. In basal conditions mouse-isolated tracheal rings do not respond to bradykinin. However, when the tracheal rings were precontracted with carbachol (10(-7) M) a relaxation with bradykinin (3 x 10(-9)-3 x 10(-7)) was found. The maximal response amounted 69.7+/-4.1% (n=15) with a pD2 value of 7.2+/-0.21. The selective bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist HOE 140 (10(-10)-10(-8) M) antagonized the bradykinin-induced relaxation, while the bradykinin B1 receptor antagonist des-Arg9-Leu8-bradykinin (10(-6) M) had no influence. The selective bradykinin B1 receptor agonist des-Arg9-bradykinin (10(-6) M) caused a small relaxation (8.4+/-2.5%, n=6), which could be antagonized completely by the selective bradykinin B1 receptor antagonist des-Arg9-Leu8-bradykinin (10(-6) M) while addition of the selective bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist HOE 140 (10(-8) M) was without effect. In the presence of indomethacin (10(-6) M) the relaxation of bradykinin was completely abolished. Pretreatment of the tracheal rings with capsaicin, or the presence of the selective NK1 receptor antagonist RP 67851 (10(-6) M) or the presence of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME (3 x 10(-4) M) had no effect on the bradykinin-induced relaxation. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the mouse-isolated tracheal is a preparation in which bradykinin exerts a relaxant response via stimulation of bradykinin B2 receptors. This response is probably mediated by prostaglandins.     

Insulin-like growth factor I activates the invasion suppressor function of E-cadherin in MCF-7 human mammary carcinoma cells in vitro

The calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin has been shown to counteract invasion of epithelial neoplastic cells. Using three monoclonal antibodies, we have demonstrated the presence of E-cadherin at the surface of human MCF-7/6 mammary carcinoma cells by indirect immunofluorescence coupled to flow cytometry and by immunocytochemistry. Nevertheless, MCF-7/6 cells failed to aggregate in a medium containing 1.25 mM CaCl2, and they were invasive after confrontation with embryonic chick heart fragments in organ culture. Treatment of MCF-7/6 cells with 0.5 microgram ml-1 insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) led to homotypic aggregation within 5 to 10 min and inhibited invasion in vitro during at least 8 days. The effect of IGF-I on cellular aggregation was insensitive to cycloheximide. However, monoclonal antibodies that interfered with the function of either the IGF-I receptor (alpha IR3) or E-cadherin (HECD-1, MB2) blocked the effect of IGF-I on aggregation. The effects of IGF-I on aggregation and on invasion could be mimicked by 1 microgram ml-1 insulin, but not by 0.5 microgram ml-1 IGF-II. The insulin effects were presumably not mediated by the IGF-I receptor, since they could not be blocked by an antibody against this receptor (alpha IR3). Our results indicate that IGF-I activates the invasion suppressor role of E-cadherin in MCF-7/6 cells.     

Development of consumer probiotics for the US market

Curiosity about probiotic bacteria is high. This is not surprising given the rapid growth of the natural products market in the USA, which was 22% in 1995 (New Hope Natural Media, Boulder, CO). Although probiotic cultures are only one component of that market, this trend shows that consumers in the USA are increasingly taking a pro-active stance towards their health and are purchasing products not only to eliminate what is perceived as dietary negatives but to increase the levels of dietary positives (Wrick, 1995). This shift in consumer attitude bodes well for the development of the American probiotic market. This article describes the composition, promotion and labelling of probiotic-containing products, discusses attributes of commercial probiotic bacteria, and estimates the size of the probiotic market in the USA. This market information was obtained from several published (Anon, 1996a,b) and unpublished but commercially available (SPINS Information Services, San Francisco, CA and New Hope Natural Media, Boulder, CO) sources.     

Dependence of muscle VO2 on blood flow dynamics at onset of forearm exercise

The hypothesis that the rate of increase in muscle O2 uptake (VO2mus) at the onset of exercise is influenced by muscle blood flow was tested during forearm exercise with the arm either above or below heart level to modify perfusion pressure. Ten young men exercised at a power of approximately 2.2 W, and five of these subjects also worked at 1.4 W. Blood flow to the forearm was calculated from the product of blood velocity and cross-sectional area obtained with Doppler techniques. Venous blood was sampled from a deep forearm vein to determine O2 extraction. The rate of increase in VO2mus and blood flow was assessed from the mean response time (MRT), which is the time to achieve approximately 63% increase from baseline to steady state. In the arm below heart position during the 2.2-W exercise, blood flow and VO2mus both increased, with a MRT of approximately 30 s. With the arm above the heart at this power, the MRTs for blood flow [79.8 +/- 15.7 (SE)s] and VO2mus (50.2 +/- 4.0 s) were both significantly slower. Consistent with these findings were the greater increases in venous plasma lactate concentration over resting valued in the above heart position (2.8 +/- 0.4 mmol/l) than in the below heart position (0.9 +/- mmol/l). At the lower power, both blood flow and VO2mus also increased more rapidly with the arm below compared with above the heart. These data support the hypothesis that changes in blood flow at the onset of exercise have a direct effect on oxidative metabolism through alterations in O2 transport.