调味汤料的基础理论及生产工艺

０前言“民以食为天 ,食以味为先”这两句话中 ,可以看出调味品在我国人民饮食中的地位。近年来 ,随着市场竞争的白热化 ,方便面的生产与销售也在竞争中得到不断发展 ,消费者的需求也不断提高 ,同时对调味料提出了更新更高的要求。一碗好的方便面 ,除了具有爽滑、咬劲、弹性强的面外 ,更需一碗鲜浓、飘香、醇厚的浓汤。我国复配型汤料起步虽然迟一些 ,但近年的发展速度还是比较快。当前调味食品在市场上不断涌现新的品种 ,推动方便面的调味水平提高 ,例如鸡精粉、特鲜味精、风味酱油粉、鸡骨膏等。调味品亦称调味料 ,它能赋予食品甜、酸、苦…     

High avidity CTLs for two self-antigens demonstrate superior in vitro and in vivo antitumor efficacy

A majority of the human tumor-associated Ags characterized to date are derived from nonmutated "self"-proteins. Little is currently understood about the nature of the self-reactive lymphocytes that recognize these Ags. We recently characterized two nonmutated tumor-associated Ags for the B16 murine melanoma: tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) and the endogenous retroviral envelope protein, p15E. We previously reported that both TRP-2 and p15E reactive CTL could be detected in the spleens of naive animals after a single in vitro stimulation using 10(-5)-10(-6) M of the appropriate Kb-binding 9-amino acid epitope. In this report we show that the CTL found in naive animals are low avidity lymphocytes, that respond only to high concentrations of peptide in vitro. We demonstrate that titration of in vitro-stimulating peptide to limiting concentrations distinguishes qualitative differences in the lymphocyte reactivity to these two Ags between vaccinated and unvaccinated animals. We further demonstrate that in vitro expansion of CTL in either high or low concentrations of stimulating peptide generated CTL cultures with different avidities for the relevant epitopes. CTL expanded in low concentrations demonstrated higher avidity for peptide-pulsed targets and better tumor recognition, when compared to CTL generated in the presence of high concentrations of Ag. More importantly, high avidity CTL demonstrated superior in vivo antitumor activity. These results demonstrate that qualitative differences in the CTL that recognize these two self-Ags are critically important to their in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor efficacy.     

Prediction of anticoagulation during hemodialysis by population kinetics and an artificial neural network

All systems currently used for routine hemodialysis require heparin administration to prevent blood clotting in the extracorporeal circuit. We tested the hypothesis that population-based statistical techniques can be used to predict heparin concentrations during routine hemodialysis. Two predictive models were developed, one based on nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM) and the other on a multilayer perceptron neural network. Serial clotting time data were obtained from forty-nine patients and used to develop the models. The models were used to predict the clotting times of 70 patients in a prospective test. We determined that the neural network provided greater precision, had fewer outliers in its predictions, and did not have the model misspecification in bolus administration that the NONMEM predictions demonstrated. A final NONMEM model was developed using all data from 119 patients to identify important covariates for predicting the heparin pharmacodynamic parameters, volume of distribution, and clearance. Both the volume of distribution and clearance increased following the initiation of dialysis and as the patient's baseline clotting time increased. The volume of distribution also increased as the patient's weight increased but was decreased by smoking and diabetes. Population-based statistical techniques may provide a useful alternative to existing methods for prescribing heparin.     

A home-based exercise program for nondisabled older adults

OBJECTIVES: This paper describes a videotaped, home-based, strength training program, titled Strong-for-Life and reports on its effectiveness in improving muscle strength, psychological well-being, and health status in a sample of older persons. DESIGN AND SETTING: We enrolled 102 nondisabled, community-dwelling older people aged 66 to 87, identified from the Medicare beneficiary list, into a randomized, controlled trial. MEASUREMENTS: Effectiveness was based on change in isokinetic upper and lower extremity muscle strength, psychologic well-being, and health status. RESULTS: Results revealed several statistically significant short-term benefits after 12 to 15 weeks of exercise, especially for men. Younger older adults demonstrated a 10% improvement in knee extensor strength relative to control subjects. Older male exercisers achieved significant differences relative to controls in perceived anger, tension, and overall social functioning. Male exercisers, in general, achieved significant improvement in perceived vigor. Women did not report psychological benefits following participation in the program. CONCLUSION: Study results reveal that the Strong for Life program, designed to be widely disseminated to the nondisabled older population, has many short-term positive benefits.     

Comparison of the pharmacological profile of S-nitrosothiols, nitric oxide and the nitrergic neurotransmitter in the canine ileocolonic junction

1. In organ bath experiments, hydroquinone (30-100 microM) and hydroxocobalamin (30-100 microM) concentration-dependently inhibited the relaxations induced by NO (0.3-30 microM) but not those by nitroglycerin (GTN, 1 microM) in the canine ileocolonic junction (ICJ). Hydroxocobalamin reduced the relaxation to low frequency (2 Hz) stimulation of the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) nerves, whereas hydroquinone only reduced the NANC nerve-mediated relaxations to electrical stimulation at 16 Hz, 0.5 ms. 2. Relaxations to S-nitroso-L-cysteine (CysNO, 1-30 microM), or S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (SNAP, 1-30 microM) were not inhibited by hydroquinone (30-100 microM), hydroxocobalamin (30-100 microM), pyrogallol (30-100 microM) or L-cysteine (1-3 microM). Hydroquinone (100 microM) only reduced the relaxation to 10 microM CysNO. Hydroxocobalamin, but not hydroquinone, pyrogallol or L-cysteine, potentiated the relaxations to the lowest concentration (1 microM) of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO, 1-30 microM). 3. In the superfusion bioassay, hydroquinone (100 microM) and hydroxocobalamin (1 microM) concentration-dependently inhibited the biological activity of authentic NO (1-4 pmol) to the same extent as that of the transferable nitrergic factor, released from the canine ICJ in response to NANC nerve stimulation (8-16 Hz, 2 ms). Responses to GTN (10 pmol) or adenosine 5'-triphosphate (10 nmol) were not affected. 4. In conclusion, the nitrosothiols CysNO, SNAP and GSNO relax the canine ileocolonic junction, but these relaxations, pharmacologically, behave differently from the NANC nerve-mediated relaxations. From the bioassay experiments, we conclude that the nitrergic factor, released in response to NANCnerve stimulation of the canine ICJ, behaves pharmacologically like NO but not like a nitrosothiol.Therefore, we suggest NO, and not CysNO, SNAP or GSNO as the inhibitory NANC neurotransmitter in the canine ICJ.     

Pitx2 participates in the late phase of the pathway controlling left-right asymmetry

BACKGROUND: We have studied the role of the different MHC (RT1) subregions in acute natural killer (NK) cell-mediated bone marrow allograft rejection in lethally irradiated, bone marrow cell (BMC) reconstituted rats. METHODS: We employed a series of MHC congenic and intra-MHC recombinant rat strains so that effects of mismatches in defined RT1 subregions could be studied systematically. BMC allograft survival was measured as 125IUdR uptake in the spleen between day 5 and day 7 after irradiation and BMC reconstitution. RESULTS: We found that in certain RT1 haplotype combinations, nonclassical RT1.C disparities by themselves could determine graft rejection (i.e., in the u/av1 recombinant haplotypes), whereas in another combination (between the av1 and c haplotypes) a mismatch for an isolated classical RT1.A region was decisive for engraftment. Thus, PVG.R1 BMC failed to proliferate in PVG rats, differing in the RT1.A region only, whereas in PVG.1U rats rejection could be determined by isolated differences in the RT1.C region (LEW.1WR1). Also, RT1 homozygous rats (RT1.U) rejected semi-allogeneic F1 hybrid BMC. The acute rejection of BMC was mediated by NK cells, as athymic nude rats, lacking alloreactive T cells but with normal alloreactive NK cells, showed the same patterns of rejection as did normal rats. Nude rats also rejected allogeneic lymphocytes, a previously documented NK-mediated phenomenon, with identical requirements of MHC disparity. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation shows that rat effector NK cells are radioresistant, independent of the thymus, and capable of recognizing and rejecting MHC mismatched transplanted BMC on the basis of mismatches in both classical and nonclassical class I regions in vivo. The studies underline the importance also of NK cells in determining BMC allograft survival.     

Identification and purification of diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinase, which synthesizes the inositol pyrophosphate bis(diphospho)inositol tetrakisphosphate

Diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (PP-IP5) and bis(diphospho)inositol tetrakisphosphate (bis-PP-IP4) were recently identified as inositol phosphates which possess pyrophosphate bonds. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the cellular levels of these compounds are not yet characterized. To pursue this question, we have previously purified an inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) kinase from rat brain supernatants [Voglmaier, S. M., et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 4305-4310]. We now report the identification and purification of another novel kinase, diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (PP-IP5) kinase, which uses PP-IP5 as a substrate to form bis(diphospho)inositol tetrakisphosphate (bis-PP-IP4) in soluble fractions of rat forebrain. The purified protein, a monomer of 56 kDa, displays high affinity (Km = 0.7 microM) and selectivity for PP-IP5 as a substrate. The purified enzyme also can transfer a phosphate from bis-PP-IP4 to ADP to form ATP. This ATP synthase activity is an indication of the high phosphoryl group transfer potential of bis-PP-IP4 and may represent a physiological role for PP-IP5 and bis-PP-IP4.