The effects of rosemary extract combination with vacuum packing on the quality changes of Atlantic mackerel fish burgers

The effects of the use of antioxidant technology on the quality of mackerel burgers stored at 4 °C were investigated in terms of sensory, biochemical [thiobarbituric acid (TBA), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N), peroxide value (PV) and free fatty acids (FFA)] and microbiological analyses [total viable count (TVC)]. Fish meat was divided into three groups; the control (C) without rosemary extract, the second group with 0.4% rosemary extracts (Group A) and the third with 0.8% rosemary extracts (Group B). Results showed that the TVB‐N level did not exceed acceptability limit (30–35 mg 100 g^?1) for all groups. TBA value for the control significantly increased from 1.47 to 4.80 MA kg^?1 whereas it slightly increased in treatment groups as the storage time increased. Significantly higher PV and FFA (P < 0.05) were obtained from the control group. Rosemary extract, in combination with vacuum pack was effective in controlling the growth of bacteria and biochemical indices.     

Simplex lattice mixture design approach on the rheological behavior of glucomannan based salep-honey drink mixtures: An optimization study based on the sensory properties

The rheological properties of salep drink sweetened with different honeys were measured using a controlled-stress rheometer. Mixture design experiments were used to study the effect of interactions among pine, flower and highland honeys on the rheological properties of salep-honey drink mixture (SHDM) samples. In addition, product optimization was carried out using the ridge analysis to determine the optimum mixture proportions based on sensory properties of SHDM samples. Flower honey was the component showing the highest effect on the consistency coefficient values of SHDM samples. The preference of panelists was more prominent for the SHDM samples including the higher concentrations of highland honey with respect to odour and overall preference parameters. Optimum values of pine, flower and highland honeys in the mixture were found to be 0–85%, 0–40% and 15–100%, respectively, with respect to sensory properties. In addition, ridge analysis results revealed that the SHDM should include 65% highland honey, 35% pine honey and no flower honey to obtain the maximum overall preference score (7.24). The consistency coefficient and flow behavior index values of the sample to get maximum overall preference score (7.24) were predicted to be 3.650 Pa sⁿ and 0.435, respectively.     

Bench-scale treatments of colour-fixed cottonseed oil

Bench-scale refining of crude colour-fixed cottonseed oil was carried out using equipment and conditions similar to those at a local factory. Ethanolamine at 2–3% level resulted in 55–62% reduction in the oil colour, and 24–26% reduction in the refining loss over the factory treated oil. Sodium silicate at 0.14–0.47% level resulted in about 50% reduction in oil colour and 24–44% reduction in the refining loss. A two-step treatment, first with caustic soda lye then with either additives, and miscella refining using ethanolamine as an additive, resulted in superior oil colour, yet the refining losses were high.     

The assessment of carcass composition of Awassi male lambs by real-time ultrasound at two different live weights

The accuracy of ultrasonography to measure fat thickness (FT) and longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) traits (area, depth and width) in live Awassi male lambs and predict carcass FT and LM traits was studied.Twenty six Awassi male lambs were randomly divided into light (L) (n = 13) and heavy (H) (n = 13) finishing lambs. Slaughter weight of lambs in L and H groups were 40 and 45 kg, respectively. FT and LM traits, cross-sectional area between the 12th and 13th rib were measured using real-time ultrasound in vivo and on the carcass after slaughter. All ultrasound and carcass measurements were the same except live weight (LW) (P < 0.001), cold carcass weight (CCW) (P < 0.001) and carcass LM width (P < 0.05). Overall, correlation coefficients between ultrasound and carcass FT, LM depth, width and area were 0.79, 0.82 (P < 0.001); 0.60, 0.58 (P < 0.05); 0.48, −0.17 (P > 0.05) and 0.89, 0.87 (P < 0.001), respectively, for lambs in L and H groups. The introduction of ultrasound FT and ultrasound LM area as independent variables in addition to LW in the multiple regression equations further improved the variations for carcass FT (84%, 71%), carcass LM area (79%, 79%), CCW (72%, 65%) for lambs in light and heavy groups whereas no improvement was observed for carcass yield.These results indicate that in vivo ultrasound FT and measurement of the LM area in association with LW could be used to estimate carcass FT, carcass LM area and CCW in different LW Awassi lambs.     

Phenolic composition,enzyme inhibitory,and antioxidant activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bituminaria bituminosa</Emphasis>

This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts of Bituminaria bituminosa. In phosphomolybdenum assay, the methanol extract showed the highest activity (166.78 μmol TEs/g dry plant). The water extract exhibited the highest scavenging activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH^?) and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazloine-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS^?+). In addition, it exhibited the highest activity in cupric ion reducing (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays (41.26 and 46.82 μmol TEs/g dry plant). The extracts did not show cholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibitory activity. However, α-glucosidase inhibition assay resulted in the superiority of water extract (1233.86 μmol ACEs/g dry plant). In the case of α-amylase inhibitory assay, the ethyl acetate extract showed the highest activity (53.65 μmol ACEs/g dry plant). The water extract exhibited the highest phenolic content (31.70 μmol GAEs/g dry plant). In contrast, the methanol extract was found rich in flavonoid compounds (5.29 μmol REs/g dry plant). The water extract contained considerable amounts of rosmarinic acid, luteolin, quercetin, and rutin. Therefore, it can be used as a source of new and alternative antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory agents.     

Effects of sodium caseinate‐ and milk protein concentrate‐based edible coatings on the postharvest quality of Bing cherries

Bing cherries were coated with sodium caseinate‐ or milk protein concentrate‐based edible coatings. Besides the proteins (100 g kg^?1), the coating formulations also included glycerol (about 300 g kg^?1 protein) and either beeswax or a stearic–palmitic acid blend at a concentration of 0, 100 or 300 g lipid phase kg^?1 of protein. All coatings, especially those containing 300 g kg^?1 stearic–palmitic acid blend, successfully reduced water loss of the fruits. The edible coatings had a beneficial effect on the sensory quality of the cherries, and there were significant (p < 0.05) effects of the coating treatments on soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Performance of dairy cows fed roasted sunflower seed

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects on milk yield, milk composition, ruminal fermentation and total tract nutrient utilization of feeding roasted whole sunflower seed to dairy cows. Three diets were formulated: a control diet with no sunflower seed (NSF), a raw sunflower seed diet (USF) and a roasted sunflower seed diet (RSF). The level of sunflower seed in USF and RSF was 78 g kg^?1 of dry matter (DM). The effects of dietary treatments on yield and composition of milk were determined using nine Holstein cows in three 3 × 3 Latin squares. Three ruminally fistulated cows were used to determine the effects of dietary treatments on ruminal fermentation and total tract nutrient digestibilities. Cows fed sunflower seed diets consumed 8% less (P < 0.05) DM but produced similar amounts of milk as cows fed NSF. However, milk fat content (30.7 vs 33.5 g kg^?1) and yield (1.33 vs 1.47 kg day^?1) were lower (P < 0.05) for cows fed USF and RSF than for those fed NSF. Supplemental sunflower seed had no effect on concentrations and yields of other milk components. The concentrations of short‐chain (C_4:0 to C_12:0) and medium‐chain (C_14:0 to C_16:0) fatty acids were, respectively, 27% and 29% lower (P < 0.05) while those of long‐chain fatty acids (C_18:0 to C_18:3) were 51% higher (P < 0.05) in the milk of cows fed USF and RSF than for cows fed NSF. Ruminal pH, ammonia N and total volatile fatty acids were not affected by dietary treatments. Feeding sunflower seed (USF or RSF) reduced (P < 0.05) the concentration of acetate and increased (P < 0.05) the concentration of propionate. Total tract nutrient digestibilities were not affected by sunflower seed supplementation or by heat treatment. Supplementing dairy cow diets with unheated or roasted sunflower seed improved the efficiency of milk production and increased concentrations of long‐chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Feeding sunflower seed at up to 78 g kg^?1 of diet DM had no adverse effects on nutrient utilization. Roasting had no additional benefits on milk yield or milk fatty acid composition. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

The effect of sowing date and growth stage on the essential oil composition of three types of parsley (Petroselinum crispum)

Essential oils obtained by simultaneous distillation–extraction (SDE) from leaves, petioles and roots of three types of parsley (turnip‐rooted, plain leaf and curly leaf type), sown on three different dates, were analysed by GC‐MS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis. Parsley plants were found to produce mainly β‐phellandrene, 1,3,8‐p‐menthatriene, α‐,p‐dimethylstyrene, myristicin, β‐myrcene and apiole. In some cases α‐ and β‐pinene were also found, whereas β‐elemene was detected, especially in the curly leaf type. The growth stage, plant tissue and date of sowing, as well as the climate conditions, all had a significant effect on the essential oil composition by altering the ratio of the above substances. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

The effects of anxiety on response times to disease detection and health promotion behaviors

It was hypothesized that increasing levels of anxiety about health issues would make response times to disease detections longer than response times to health promotion behaviors and that this effect would reverse when anxiety about health issues was decreased. In a laboratory study 82 participants recruited from undergraduates and the general community were randomly assigned to read information designed either to increase or to decrease anxiety about health. Following the anxiety manipulation participants were required to indicate their attitude about both disease detection and health promotion behaviors and response times to both types of behavior were recorded. Finally, the participants' attitudes toward all the health behaviors were measured using 9-point scales. The results supported the hypothesis.