Deep learning methods and applications for electrical power systems: A comprehensive review

Over the past decades, electric power systems (EPSs) have undergone an evolution from an ordinary bulk structure to intelligent flexible systems by way of advanced electronics and control technologies. Moreover, EPS has become a more complex, unstable and nonlinear structure with the integration of distributed energy resources in comparison with traditional power grids. Unlike classical approaches, physical methods, statistical approaches and computer calculation techniques are commonly used to solve EPS problems. Artificial intelligent (AI) techniques have especially been used recently in many fields. Deep neural networks have become increasingly attractive as an AI approach due to their robustness and flexibility in handling nonlinear complex relationships on large scale data sets. Major deep learning concepts addressing some problems in EPS have been reviewed in the present study by a comprehensive literature survey. The practices of deep learning and its combinations are well organized with up-to-date references in various fields such as load forecasting, wind and solar power forecasting, power quality disturbances detection and classifications, fault detection power system equipment, energy security, energy management and energy optimization. Furthermore, the difficulties encountered in implementation and the future trends of this method in EPS are discussed subject to the findings of current studies. It concludes that deep learning has a huge application potential on EPS, due to smart technologies integration that will increase considerably in the future.     

Effect of the nature and degree of crosslinking on Rose Bengal binding by DVB‐, NNMBA‐, HDODA‐ and TTEGDA‐crosslinked poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone)s

Poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone)s with 2–20 mol% DVB, NNMBA, HDODA and TTEGDA crosslinkings were prepared by suspension polymerisation. The binding of Rose Bengal by these poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone)s was followed by a batch equilibration method. In order to optimise the conditions of dye binding, the effect of the concentration of Rose Bengal solutions, temperature and pH were followed. Kinetic studies showed that the binding of Rose Bengal by poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone)s is a phase boundary process followed by a three‐dimensional diffusion. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

BB-10010: an active variant of human macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha with improved pharmaceutical properties

The stem cell inhibitor, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha) or LD78, protects multipotent hematopoietic progenitors in murine models from the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy. Clinical use of human MIP-1 alpha during chemotherapy could therefore lead to faster hematologic recovery and may allow dose intensification. We have also shown that human MIP-1 alpha causes the rapid mobilization of hematopoietic cells, suggesting an additional clinical use in peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. However, the clinical evaluation of human MIP-1 alpha is complicated by its tendency to associate and form high molecular weight polymers. We have produced a variant of rhMIP-1 alpha, BB-10010, carrying a single amino acid substitution of Asp26 > Ala, with a reduced tendency to form large polymers at physiologic pH and ionic strength. This greatly increases its solubility, facilitating its production and clinical formulation. We confirmed the potency of BB-10010 as a human MIP-1 alpha-like agonist in receptor binding, calcium mobilization, inhibition of colony formation, and thymidine suicide assays. The myeloprotective activity of BB-10010 was shown in a murine model of repeated chemotherapy using hydroxyurea. BB-10010 is therefore an ideal variant with which to evaluate the therapeutic potential of recombinant human MIP-1 alpha.     

Drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis exhibit a range of virulence for mice

A panel of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, several of which were resistant to one or more antimycobacterial drugs, were tested for their capacity to give rise to active disease following aerogenic infection of normal immunocompetent mice. The panel exhibited a range of virulence in this model, which followed no clear trend in terms of geographical source, degree of drug resistance, or rate of growth in vitro. Several isolates grew very quickly over the first 20 days in mouse lungs before being contained by emerging immunity. In view of this latter observation, we hypothesize that it is possible that such so-called fast growers may be responsible for the rapid fatality sometimes seen in immunocompromised patients with tuberculosis. Moreover, the results of the study do not support the belief that increased drug resistance usually associates with loss of virulence of the isolate.     

Binding properties of glutamate receptors in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats

The biochemical mechanisms by which diabetes modulates cognitive function are not well established. Here, we determined the effects of streptozotocin (STZ) administration on the binding properties of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtypes of glutamate receptors in rats, using quantitative autoradiographic analysis of (3)H-AMPA and [(3)H]glutamate binding on brain tissue sections. The STZ injection (70 mg/kg intraperitoneally) produced a reduction of (3)H-AMPA binding in various brain regions, an effect that is due to a decrease in receptor affinity. The STZ-induced reduction of (3)H-AMPA binding varied in different brain structures, being more pronounced in the striatum, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus and almost absent in the cerebellum. Western blots performed on hippocampal membranes revealed that the decrease in (3)H-AMPA binding is possibly associated with changes in immunologic properties for one glutamate receptor subunit (GluR1). Finally, the effect of STZ-induced diabetes appeared to be specific to the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors, as the same treatment did not modify [(3)H]glutamate binding to NMDA receptors. These changes in AMPA receptor properties may have important implications for understanding the biochemical mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment in diabetes.     

Intraoperative irradiation: current and future status

Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) in its broadest sense refers to the delivery of irradiation at the time of an operation. This article will discusses the rationale for and results of both intraoperative electron radiation therapy and intraoperative high dose rate brachytherapy when used in conjunction with surgical exploration and resection and external beam radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Both IORT methods evolved with similar philosophies as an attempt to achieve higher effective doses of irradiation while dose limiting structures are surgically displaced.     

The interleukin-1 genotype as a severity factor in adult periodontal disease

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether it is possible to predict the presence of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) by non-invasive clinical variables in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of BOO. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with LUTS suggestive of BOO were entered into a prospective protocol evaluating the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), prostate size, non-invasive uroflow, post-void residual urine volume (PVR) and a pressure flow study. Only patients with a maximum flow rate (Qmax) of < or = 15 mL/s and an IPSS > or = 7 were included. The study comprised 253 patients; the degree of obstruction was correlated to several non-invasive clinical variables. Subsequently nomograms were developed by multiple logistic regression analysis to obtain the probability of BOO in patients with LUTS. RESULTS: Prostate volume, Qmax, PVR and voided volume correlated significantly with the degree of BOO rated according to the linear passive urethral resistance relation (linPURR). In contrast, there was no such correlation for the IPSS and the quality-of-life question of the IPSS. The percentage of patients with BOO defined by a linPURR of 3-6 decreased from 85% in those with a Qmax of 0-5 mL/s to 60% (Qmax 6-10 mL/s) and 44% (Qmax 11-15 mL/s). In parallel, the percentage of patients with BOO increased from 53% of those with a prostate volume of < or = 50 mL, to 79% of those with prostates of 51-100 mL and 75% of those > 100 mL. Based on Qmax, PVR and prostate volume, nomograms were established by multiple logistic regression analysis for the probability of BOO in patients with LUTS. CONCLUSION: The nomograms presented herein should help the clinician to identify patients with LUTS who should undergo pressure flow studies before surgical intervention to detect the presence of obstruction and in whom these studies can be safely spared.