苯磺酸氨氯地平口腔崩解片处方优化的研究

目的研究苯磺酸氨氯地平口腔崩解片处方的优化。方法结合矫味剂和β-环糊精包合技术改善口感,通过正交实验筛选最优处方。结果最优处方为:苯磺酸氨氯地平0.3g,β-环糊精1.0g,阿司帕坦0.05g,枸橼酸0.25g,微晶纤维素2.5g,α-乳糖1.35g,甘露醇0.5g,硬脂酸镁0.1g。产品崩解时限为(12.10±0.06)s。结论所得产品能较好地达到口腔崩解片的各项要求。     

Effects of sodium and potassium fertilisers on the composition of herbage and its acceptability to dairy cows

Fertilisation of herbage with Na can increase acceptability to cows, but the influence of fertiliser rate and fertilisation by K is unknown. In experiment 1, ten cows were grazed on pasture plots that had just been fertilised with 0–132 kg-Na ha⁻¹ (current Na) and had received 0–64 kg-Na ha⁻¹ in the previous grazing season (residual Na). Herbage Na concentration increased in proportion to current Na from 2·7 to 4·9 g-Na kg⁻¹ dry matter (DM) and also increased with increasing residual Na from 2·2 to 4·5 g-Na kg⁻¹ DM. Herbage K concentrations were low (10 g kg⁻¹ DM at 0 kg-Na ha⁻¹) and were only slightly reduced by Na fertiliser. Herbage Mg and Ca concentrations and DM digestibility were maximum at 66–99 kg-current-Na ha⁻¹. Cows grazed current-Na-fertilised plots to a lower height and spent more time grazing them. In experiment 2, pasture plots received no fertiliser, low and high isomolar and independent applications of Na and K or a combination of the two. The herbage was more mature than in experiment 1 and Na concentration of the herbage without Na fertilizer was high (5 g kg⁻¹ DM). Na fertiliser, therefore, only slightly increased Na concentration, more in clover than in grass, and had little effect on K concentration. K fertiliser increased K concentration from 16 to 20 g kg⁻¹ DM and reduced Na concentration to 3·5 g kg⁻¹ DM. Sodium fertiliser, therefore, only increased the acceptability of herbage to cattle when herbage Na concentrations were initially low (less than 5 g kg⁻¹ DM) and were increased substantially by the application of the fertiliser. © 1998 SCI.     

明胶基共混纺丝原液流变性能的研究

主要考察了不同温度,浓度及交联剂用量与明胶/PVA,明胶/粘胶以及明胶/粘胶/PVA共混纺丝原液的流变性能之间的关系。结果表明,明胶基共混纺丝液的黏度主要受温度,共混液浓度和各组成成分间比例影响,通过调节溶液浓度、配比以及温度可以控制共混纺丝液的流变性能。明胶基共混液的黏度随剪切应力的增加而减小,呈现＂剪切变稀＂现象,符合非牛顿流体＂剪切变稀型流体＂的黏度变化规律。     

Fluorotelomer acids are more toxic than perfluorinated acids

Saturated and unsaturated fluorotelomer carboxylic acids have been identified as intermediates in the degradation of fluorotelomer alcohols to perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs). Although surface waters are the likely environmental sink for telomer acids, no fate or toxicity data exist for this matrix. We assessed the acute toxicity of the 4:2, 6:2, 8:2, and 10:2 saturated (FTCA) and unsaturated (FTUCA) fluorotelomer carboxylic acids to Daphnia magna, Chironomus tentans, and Lemna gibba. In general, toxicity increased with increasing fluorocarbon (FC) chain length, particularly for telomer acids of > or =8 FCs. In addition, the FTCAs were generally more toxic than the corresponding FTUCAs. Acute EC50s ranged from 0.025 mg/L (0.04 micromol/L) for D. magna (10:2 FTCA, immobility) to 63 mg/L (167 micromol/L) for C. tentans (6:2 FTCA, growth). While chain-length trends observed in the current study agree with those previously reported for PFCAs, the toxicity thresholds generated here are up to 10,000 times smaller. Our data provide the first evidence that PFCA precursors are more toxic than the PFCAs themselves.     

微冻和冷藏对牙鲆贮藏品质的影响

以感官、理化和微生物为指标,研究了微冻（-2℃）和冷藏（4℃）对牙鲆品质变化及货架期的影响。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,牙鲆鱼的感官品质显著下降（p<0.01）,菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）含量、硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）值和K值均呈显著上升趋势（p<0.01）,且微冻贮藏时各指标的变化速率都低于冷藏;质构特性中的硬度、弹性、咀嚼度和粘聚性随贮藏时间的延长而显著下降（p<0.05）,p H与贮藏时间及其他理化指标（TBA除外）相关性不显著。综合感官评分、TVB-N值及菌落总数等指标得出牙鲆在4℃和-2℃贮藏条件下的货架期分别为9 d和12 d。与冷藏相比,微冻能更有效地抑制微生物的生长,延长其货架期。      

鱼类血红蛋白诱导脂质氧化及其控制的研究进展

脂质氧化不仅使食品的营养、风味、质构和外观发生变化,而且缩短了产品的货架期,降低其食用品质,是造成水产食品品质劣变的重要原因之一。血红蛋白是水产品脂质氧化的重要诱导因子,其自动氧化产生的高铁血红蛋白可以加速脂质氧化反应速率,同时释放的血红素和铁离子也可催化脂质氧化的发生。化学防腐剂在食品中的应用越来越受到限制,天然抗氧化剂的研究与应用已成为热点,了解血红蛋白促氧化的机理,找到适宜的抗氧化技术,有效地控制水产品在贮藏过程中血红蛋白诱导的脂质氧化的发生是非常必要的。因此,本文以血红蛋白诱导的脂质氧化为切入点,介绍了鱼类血红蛋白的结构、促氧化的反应机理和影响因素,以及天然酚类抗氧化物在控制血红蛋白促氧化方面的诸多应用与进展,并提出了目前急需解决的问题和未来的研究趋势。     

不同孵化期的鸡胚蛋营养和功效成分研究

鸡胚蛋在孵化期间,鸡胚的不断生长发育,蛋体内的各种营养物质,在酶的作用下,进行一系列的物质代谢。研究表明,对人体有利的物质在增加,如蛋白质、氨基酸增加1%以上,牛磺酸增加近20倍,无机盐中的钙增加6倍多,磷增加80%,铁增加40%,维生素A增加1倍,维生素B1增加3倍,维生素E增加100倍,具有抗菌作用的溶菌酶活性增加1倍,必需脂肪酸中的亚油酸增加1倍。而对人体不利的脂肪含量下降50%,胆固醇下降5.5倍,这对人体营养保健和防病治病有着重要作用。     

大孔树脂吸附法纯化紫薯花色苷的研究

目的研究大孔吸附树脂吸附法纯化紫薯花色苷成分。方法采用大孔吸附树脂静态和动态吸附解吸实验,结合花色苷p H示差法检测技术,分别考察了D101、AB-8、XDA-7、HPD-722、HPD-750、HPD-450、XDA-6、NKA-II、NKA9和S-8 10种吸附树脂对紫薯花色苷的吸附和洗脱性能,探讨大孔树脂柱层析纯化工艺。结果 XDA-7大孔吸附树脂对紫薯花色苷的吸附和洗脱性能较好。吸附过程中上样液浓度为450 mg/L,样液p H为4.0,上样速率为1 BV/h,树脂的饱和吸附容量为10.2 mg/g;洗脱液为60%乙醇溶液,洗脱速率为2BV/h时,洗脱解析率在94%以上,纯化效果较好。结论 XDA-7大孔吸附树脂可用于紫薯花色苷的纯化应用,该纯化分离工艺简单快速,适合紫薯类花色苷的纯化制备。     

多重PCR同时检测食品中4 种细菌与常见霉菌

建立一种同时检测食品中金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌O157:H7以及霉菌的多重聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）检测方法。根据金黄色葡萄球菌的耐热核酸酶基因（nuc）、沙门氏菌的侵袭正调节蛋白基因（hilA）、大肠杆菌O157:H7鞭毛基因（flic）、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的毒力调控蛋白基因（prfA）及霉菌18S?rRNA基因V5区分别设计5?对特异性引物,并对PCR扩增反应体系和扩增条件进行优化,确定获得特异性良好的PCR扩增产物。而后在37?℃对人工污染致病菌的香肠、面包和豆腐进行增菌培养,5?种致病微生物在20?h内的检出限均可达到100?CFU/25?g。本实验建立的多重PCR检测方法适用于食品中4?种细菌与常见霉菌的同时检测,相较于传统检测方法,具有快速、简便、特异性高的优点。     

鲜桑叶体外抑菌作用研究

目的探讨鲜桑叶的体外抑菌作用。方法用K-B纸片扩散法研究100%鲜桑叶浸出液滤纸片对金黄色葡萄球菌、白色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌、伤寒杆菌、甲型链球菌、乙型链球菌的抑菌作用。结果鲜桑叶对上述细菌均有明显的抑菌作用。结论鲜桑叶有明显的体外抑菌作用。