"Random monotone data fit simple algebraic models: Correlation is not confirmation": Correction to Parker et al.

Reports an error in "Random monotone data fit simple algebraic models: Correlation is not confirmation" by Scott Parker, Jay Casey, John M. Ziriax and Alan Silberberg (Psychological Bulletin, 1988[Nov], Vol 104[3], 417-423). Information was inadvertently left out of the author note on page 417. The author note should include the following information: Portions of this work were reported at the 1986 meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association. We thank Robert Jernigan for telling us about Filiben's and Stigler's work. We thank Willard Larkin, John A. Nevin, and several anonymous reviewers for helpful reviews of earlier versions. John M. Ziriax is now at the Department of Radiation Biology and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York. This research was supported in part by grants from the National Science Foundation. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1989-10685-001.) Evaluation of the fit of a data set to an algebraic model often relies on the squared correlation coefficient (r-2). Algebraic models commonly prescribe functions between two variables that are monotonic. We created data sets that are monotonic but otherwise random and computed their r-2 values. These values are shown to far exceed those for data sets not constrained to be monotonic. We tabulated selected cumulants of the distribution of r-2 for monotone data fit to two common models, linear and power functions, for several conditions of randomness for data sets comprising 3, 9, and 15 points. Random monotone data fit all these functions well. The common experimental practices of averaging several sets of data and using regular spacing in the values of the independent variable both tend to produce slight additional improvements in fit. Consideration of these results reveals that correlation alone is inadequate to test the fit of monotone data to algebraic models. Some helpful auxiliary techniques are recommended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

16-channel parallel optical interconnect demonstration with an InGaAs/InP MQW modulator array

A 4*4 planar array of MQW surface modulators driven by standard high-speed CMOS has been demonstrated in an experimental parallel-interconnect system. Transition times were fast enough for 100 Mbit/s operation and the potential exists to increase array dimensions to include hundreds of devices and transmission rates to many Gbit/s.<>     

A review of 50 years of research on naturally occurring family routines and rituals: Cause for celebration?

This article is a qualitative review of 32 publications appearing since J. Bossard and E. Boll's (1950) seminal work on family rituals was conducted. Definitions are offered whereby a distinction is made between family routines as observable practices and family rituals as symbolic representations of collective events. The relative occurrence of family routines, as described in the literature, appears to follow a developmental course and is affected by the cultural environment. Family routines and rituals were found to be related to parenting competence, child adjustment, and marital satisfaction. The studies were limited by inconsistent methods of assessing family routines, reliance on samples of convenience, and a failure to distinguish between direct and indirect effects. Recommendations are made to better integrate theory with empirical efforts to demonstrate the importance of family routines and rituals in contemporary life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The convergent and discriminant validity of subjective fit perceptions.

This study examined whether employees develop perceptions about 3 different types of fit: person-organization fit, needs-supplies fit, and demands-abilities fit. Confirmatory factor analyses of data from 2 different samples strongly suggested that employees differentiate between these 3 types of fit. Furthermore, results from a longitudinal design of 187 managers supported both the convergent and discriminant validity of the different types of fit perceptions. Specifically, person-organization fit perceptions were related to organization-focused outcomes (e.g., organizational identification, citizenship behaviors, turnover decisions), whereas needs-supplies fit perceptions were related to job- and career-focused outcomes (e.g., job satisfaction, career satisfaction, occupational commitment). Although demands-abilities fit perceptions emerged as a distinct construct, they were not related to hypothesized outcomes (e.g., job performance, raises). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The behavioral effects of sugar: A comment on Buchanan.

Contends that studies undertaken to systematically examine the effects of sugar ingestion on the behavior of both hyperactive and normal children have failed to document any consistent adverse effects that would justify S. Buchanan's (see record 1985-25856-001) labeling of sugar as a toxin. It is suggested that unsupported statements do much to reinforce the fears of both parents and professionals, at the expense of reason. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Role of diameter differences among follicles in selection of a future dominant follicle in mares

Follicles > or = 5 mm were ablated in pony mares by a transvaginal ultrasound-guided technique on Day 10 (ovulation = Day 0). Follicle emergence (at 15 mm, experiment 1; at 6 mm, experiment 2) and development of the new wave was monitored by transrectal ultrasound. Deviation was defined as the beginning of a marked difference in growth rates between the two largest follicles. In experiment 1, mares were grouped (n = 4 per group) into controls, ablation-controls (ablations at Day 10 only), and a two-follicle model (periodic ablation sessions so that only the two largest follicles developed). There were no significant indications that the two-follicle model altered follicle diameters, growth rates, or time intervals of the two retained follicles at or between events (follicle emergence, deviation, and ovulation). In experiment 2, the two-follicle model (n = 14) was used for follicle and hormonal characterization and hypothesis testing, without the tedious and error-prone necessity for tracking many (e.g., 20) individual follicles. The future dominant follicle emerged a mean of 1 day earlier (p < 0.008) than the future subordinate follicle, the growth rates for the two follicles between emergence and deviation (6 days later) did not differ, and the dominant follicle was larger at the beginning of deviation (23.1 +/- 0.8 mm versus 19.6 +/- 0.9 mm; p < 0.0001). Mean FSH and LH concentrations increased (p < 0.05) concomitantly from emergence of the future dominant follicle and peaked 3 days later when the follicle was a mean of 13 mm. Thereafter, the two hormones disassociated until ovulation: FSH decreased and LH increased. Results supported the hypothesis that the future dominant follicle has an early size advantage over future subordinate follicles and indicated that the advantage was present as early as 6 days before deviation.     

基于频谱相似度的ICA不确定性快速消除

为了消除ICA估计的排序、相位、幅值等盲不确定性,提出一种基于快速傅立叶变换与频谱最大相似度为准则的ICA估计源校正方法.借助于观测信号的混合特征和频谱特性以及估计信号的频谱特性的分析,成功地消除汽车变速箱振动估计信号的不确定性.仿真结果证明该方法的有效性,也表明该法在源的识别和重构方面具有较大的应用潜力.     

OOPS: a toolkit supporting mediation techniques for resolving ambiguity in recognition-based interfaces

Recognition technologies are being used extensively in both commercial and research systems. Recognizers are still error-prone however, and this results in performance problems and brittle dialogues, creating barriers to the acceptance and usefulness of recognition systems. Better interfaces to systems using recognition, which can help to reduce the burden of recognition errors, are difficult to build because of lack of knowledge about the ambiguity inherent in recognition. We present a survey of the design of correction techniques in interfaces which make use of recognizers. Based on this survey, we have created a user interface toolkit, OOPS (organized option pruning system) (Mankoff et al., Proceedings of ACM CHI 2000 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2000, pp. 368–375). OOPS consists of a library of reusable error correction, or mediation, techniques drawn from the survey, combined with necessary architectural extensions to model and to provide structured support for ambiguity at the input event level of a GUI toolkit. The resulting infrastructure makes it easier for application developers to support error handling, thus helping to reduce the negative effects of recognition errors, and allowing us to explore new types of interfaces for dealing with ambiguity.     

Interaction between Macroinvertebrate Abundance and Habitat Use by Diving Ducks during Winter on Northeastern Lake Ontario

Although numbers of buffleheads (Bucephala albeola), common goldeneyes (Bucephala clangula) and long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis) over-wintering on Lake Ontario have increased substantially over the past two decades, factors influencing habitat use and the potential for competition have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between prey availability and community structure of diving ducks during winter on northeastern Lake Ontario. Benthic and nektonic samples collected during fall, winter, and spring 2002–2004 indicated that macroinvertebrate numbers differed by location but generally did not decline throughout winter. Large accumulations of macroinvertebrates, apparently moved by wave action and currents, were documented in nearshore areas. Surveys showed that diving ducks congregated in mixed species flocks within areas of higher food abundance. Mixed species flocks were common in nearshore areas, likely because energydense foods (Amphipoda and Chironomidae) were abundant in the narrow zone of shallow water, close to shore. Although macroinvertebrate numbers likely affected habitat use by diving ducks, birds did not greatly reduce abundance of macroinvertebrates. It is unlikely that exploitative competition was occurring and interference competition appeared below threshold levels that would cause species to spatially segregate. Overall, our results suggest that food availability is not a limiting factor for buffleheads, common goldeneyes, or long-tailed ducks wintering on northeastern Lake Ontario.     

过热蒸汽对烧碱蒸发的危害及对策

概述了过热蒸汽对烧碱蒸发的危害，和采取特殊方式的增湿减温措施取得的良好效果：汽耗由5.1t/t降到3.8t/t，节汽约1万t/a，节约资金50万元/a，产量得到很大提高，使烧碱的运行状态得到改善。但仍存在一定问题尚需改进。