Comparison between carbohydrate feedings before and during exercise on running performance during a 30-km treadmill time trial

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution, ingested during exercise, with the effects of a preexercise carbohydrate meal on endurance running performance. Ten endurance-trained males completed two 30-km treadmill runs. In one trial subjects consumed a placebo solution 4 hr before exercise and a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution immediately before exercise and every 5 km (C). In the other trial, subjects consumed a 4-hr preexercise high-carbohydrate meal and water immediately before exercise and every 5 km (M). Performance times were identical for M and C, and there was no difference in the self-selected speeds. Oxygen uptake, heart rates, perceived rate of exertion, and respiratory exchange ratios were also similar. However, blood glucose concentration was higher in C during the first 20 km of the 30-km run. In M, blood glucose concentration was maintained above 4.5 mmol.L-1 throughout exercise. Thus, the two conditions produced the same 30-km treadmill running performance time.     

CD45 isoform expression on human haemopoietic cells at different stages of development

Modified retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for stage I testicular tumors has been described by Weissbach. For performing laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy within these boundaries, we have developed a two-step procedure. In the first step, a ventral approach is used. The colon is dissected free, then the spermatic vein is excised, and the borders of dissection are defined. Removal of retroaortic and retrocaval nodal tissue is technically not feasible from the ventral approach. Therefore, in the second step, a lateral approach is employed, which is the key to success since it allows for easy transection of the lumbar vessels. Thus complete lymph node dissection can be realized. Between August 1992 and June 1993 this procedure was performed in 11 patients. In 7 patients, the tumor was on the right side and in 4 on the left. Conversion to open surgery was necessary in two patients because of uncontrollable bleeding and a large metastasis, respectively. Microscopic metastases were detected in two other patients. No major complications occurred; no blood transfusions were required. So far, the results have been encouraging.     

Trends in glove use by dentists in England and Wales: 1989-1992

The routine wearing of gloves during the dental treatment of patients forms an integral part of the recommended guidelines of many authorities worldwide. Compliance has been variable but there is evidence to show that this is increasing, as are other cross-infection control measures. A survey of glove use by general dental practitioners in England and Wales was carried out in 1989. This paper reports a follow up study in 1991/2 which aimed to identify any differences that had occurred in the interim. The results indicated that there was increasing compliance with recommended cross-infection control measures, although only one fifth of respondents were found to change gloves between patients. Of those practitioners who did not change gloves between patients, half considered that blood contact was not a reason for changing gloves. Comparisons are made with compliance rates in other countries and recommendations made for further education within the dental profession on the subject of cross-infection control.     

The Filipino elder: implications for nursing practice. Knowledge of heritage essential

1. Ethnic identity is an important variable in health promotion and care. Knowledge of cultural heritage is necessary to assess the unique needs of the individual. 2. Culture affects how one perceives and defines the meaning of illness. In turn, the way in which one defines the meaning of an illness will influence the expectations of both caregivers and clients within the nurse-client relationship. 3. Broadening our understanding of a diverse ethnic population is central to the concept of transcultural nursing. The importance of understanding differences in cultural heritage cannot be ignored by the nurse who cares for a new elderly Filipino immigrant.     

Imaging in scanning microscopes with slit-shaped detectors

We consider the imaging in scanning microscopes employing point and slit-shaped detectors in both the bright-field and fluorescent mode. In particular we consider the three-dimensional aspects of the imaging and show inter alia that acceptable, albeit asymmetrical, images result from a slit detector system at low levels of defocus. The situation becomes worse as the defocus is increased although acceptable extended-focus and isometric images are still possible in some cases.     

Twins: Patterns of cognitive development as measured on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence.

Appraised cognitive patterning and development for 142 pairs of twins at 4, 5, and 6 yrs of age, based on their test scores on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. Compared with the singleton norms, the twins showed an initial lag at age 4, with Verbal IQ being somewhat more depressed than Performance IQ. By age 6, however, the twins had fully recovered their deficit on both scales and reached parity with singletons. Monozygotic twins displayed relatively high within-pair correlations for Verbal IQ and Performance IQ, and even higher correlations for Full Scale IQ. Dizygotic twins displayed moderate within-pair correlations for the IQ scores, and most were significantly lower than the monozygotic correlations. Further analysis showed that monozygotic twins were also significantly more concordant for the differences between Verbal IQ and Performance IQ, and for the patterning of the subtest scores. Measures of family socioeconomic status and parental education correlated .28-.32 with the twins' IQ at age 6. Results suggest that within a broad range of home environments, the genetic blueprint made a substantial contribution to cognitive patterning and development. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)