Barrier-Test

This paper will explain a test configuration for the diagnostic of the shock wave attenuation of homogeneous and sandwiched inert materials, which measures the delay time between the detonation of a donor and an acceptor charge, as well as the detonation profile in the acceptor charge. Applying the double-flash-gap technique, the analyzed pressure levels render possible conclusions about the existence of divergent or convergent detonation waves.     

Diazoverbindungen. 72. (Diazoalkyl)phosphane – Synthese durch elektrophile Diazoalkansubstitution und oxidative Additionsreaktionen am Phosphor

Diazo Compounds. 72. Diazoalkylphosphanes – Synthesis by Electrophilic Diazoalkane Substitution and Oxidative Addition Reactions at Phosphorus Electrophilic diazoalkane substitution of the diazomethyl compounds 1a,b with the chloro phosphanes 2a-o in the presence of lithium diethylamide yields the diazoalkyl phosphanes 3a-z . Oxidative addition of oxygen, sulfur and selenium at phosphorus leads into the series of oxo, thioxo and selenoxo phosphanes having diazoalkyl substituents ( 4a-d, 5a-m and 7a-d ). The silyl group of 5n,o is cleaved by chromatography on aluminium oxide to yield the (diazomethyl)phosphane sulfides 6a,b .     

Radikalreaktionen an N-Heterocyclen. XI [1] Reaktionen von 3-Methyl-pyrazolin-5-onen mit Phenoxyl-Radikalen

Free Radical Reactions of N-Heterocyclic Compounds. XI. Reaction of 3-Methyl-pyrazolin-5-ones with Phenoxy Radicals Pyrazolin-5-ones ( 3a–i ) were oxidized with 2,4,6-trisubstituted phenoxy radicals ( 2a–d ) to the corresponding radicals ( 4a–i ), which dimerised or combined with phenoxy radical ( 2a ) depending on the R¹- and R⁴-substituents in ( 3 ). In the case of 3-methyl-1-phenyl-pyrazolin-5-one ( 3f ) the primary radical combination products were not found, but the corresponding quinone methide ( 17 ) and the o-phenol derivative ( 18 ) were isolated. Products and yields have been investigated as a function of mol ratio substrate: oxidant and solvent. The radical combination products ( 7–10 ) could de-tertbutylated in the presence of aluminium chloride or in the presence of trifluoroarcetic acid, forming heterocyclic substituted phenols ( 21 ) and ( 22 ).     

Fragment Mass Distribution of “Secondary Fragments”

An analysis of the secondary fragments emerging from a target plate has shown that their mass distribution fits excellently to a formula established earlier by the author. This applies equally well to the secondary fragments of an explosive-formed fragment from a multi-P warhead, to those from the warhead's structural casing. and even to the fragments from the target plate itself, as well as to the sum of all of these 3 types of fragements. The correlation coefficient for the two constant parameters governing this formula (namely, the scaling factor B and the form factor λ) is always better than 0.99, when an optimum total mass M_o is southt and inserted, and when the first, large fragements are not included in the consideration, which means when one or two measured points are negiected. For secondary fragements, the form factor λ in the mass distribution is close to 1/2 = 0.5, whereas for the natural fragments of HE projectiles it is in the order of 2/3. namely, from 0.6 to 0.8.     

The Role of Oncostatin M and Its Receptor Complexes in Cardiomyocyte Protection,Regeneration, and Failure

Oncostatin M (OSM), a member of the interleukin-6 family, functions as a major mediator of cardiomyocyte remodeling under pathological conditions. Its involvement in a variety of human cardiac diseases such as aortic stenosis, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, cardiac sarcoidosis, and various cardiomyopathies make the OSM receptor (OSMR) signaling cascades a promising therapeutic target. However, the development of pharmacological treatment strategies is highly challenging for many reasons. In mouse models of heart disease, OSM elicits opposing effects via activation of the type II receptor complex (OSMR/gp130). Short-term activation of OSMR/gp130 protects the heart after acute injury, whereas chronic activation promotes the development of heart failure. Furthermore, OSM has the ability to integrate signals from unrelated receptors that enhance fetal remodeling (dedifferentiation) of adult cardiomyocytes. Because OSM strongly stimulates the production and secretion of extracellular proteins, it is likely to exert systemic effects, which in turn, could influence cardiac remodeling. Compared with the mouse, the complexity of OSM signaling is even greater in humans because this cytokine also activates the type I leukemia inhibitory factor receptor complex (LIFR/gp130). In this article, we provide an overview of OSM-induced cardiomyocyte remodeling and discuss the consequences of OSMR/gp130 and LIFR/gp130 activation under acute and chronic conditions.     

Corner-Turning Distance and Retonation Radius

All high explosives, at least the ones used in military applications, have a specific minimum detonation radius, R_min with which the detonation can change its direction through 90° or 180°. It is to be emphasized that this applies not only to thc so-called insensitive high explosives, but the sensitive explosives of course have smaller radii than the insensitive ones. The corner-turning distance, As, determined in the radial test, also corresponds to the minimum radius, R_min for the detonation wave to invert its direction through 180°. The radial test is a simple method, with regard to both design and analysis, that is suitable for determining the 90°-distance, or the minimum detonation radius, R_min.     

PET Recycling – Contributions of Crystallization to Sustainability

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most common thermoplastic polymers and its durability has become a major environmental concern. The current public debate on plastic debris also triggered the revision of PET recycling technologies. This Research Article focuses on the chemical recycling of PET by means of methanolysis. The process degrades PET into two main reaction products, dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and ethylene glycol (EG). Subsequent separation by distillation combined with crystallization removes critical impurities and non-PET components from co-polymers, providing monomers of high purity needed for re-polymerization purposes.     

Testing the Precision Initiation Couplers

It is possible to properly test a Precision Initiation Coupler (PIC) for its detonation profile and the rotational symmetry of its detonation wave using the Multi-Streak and/or Flash-Gap-Technique both with central linear streak line and circle streak which is comprised of dots for better evaluation.