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61.
Pyrolysis kinetics of thermal decomposition of bitumen was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA experiments were conducted at multiple heating rates of 5, 10, 20°C min–1 up to 800°C to obtain the pyrolysis characteristics of bitumen. Weight loss curve from TGA shows that two different stages occurred during bitumen pyrolysis. Differential method has been used for determining the kinetic parameters and the best fit for the order of reaction was found based on the R2 values. Kinetics results confirm the presence of two different stages in bitumen pyrolysis with varying kinetic parameters. The average activation energy for the first and second stage was 29 and 60 kJ mol?1 and the average order of the reaction was 1.5 and 0.25, respectively. Experiments have been conducted with different reservoir sand. The effect of different source of sand reveals no effect on the pyrolysis behaviour of bitumen. A considerable difference was found with the pyrolysis of bitumen–sand mixtures and bitumen alone based on coke yield and activation energy. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering 相似文献
62.
Subramanian Palaniappan Yu‐Tsern Chang Chung‐Ming Liu Paramasivam Manisankar 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2012,124(5):4281-4288
The interfacial interaction and orientation of molecules during the polymerization process plays a vital role in the enhancement of the surface properties of conducting polymers. In this perspective, a solid‐phase mechanochemical route is employed to prepare poly(2,5‐dimethoxy aniline) (PDMA) and its salts with superior properties. Various studies performed on the as‐prepared polymer highlights the formation of polymeric particles with excellent physicochemical properties. Elemental analysis showed the presence of dopants anion in the polymeric backbone. Spectroscopic profile of PDMAs revealed the formation of emeraldine form of PDMAs. Moreover, these studies indicate the formation of PDMA‐HCl in a highly doped state. The surface morphological pictures of PDMAs revealed the formation of aggregated microstructured to nanostructured particulates. X‐ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry were used to evaluate the physicochemical properties of PDMAs. PDMA salts exhibited crystalline behavior and good electrochemical activity. TG/DTA analysis showed that all the PDMAs were thermally stable up to 240°C. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012 相似文献
63.
Electrochemical corrosion and materials properties of reactively sputtered TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
R. AnanthakumarB. Subramanian Akira KobayashiM. Jayachandran 《Ceramics International》2012,38(1):477-485
TiN/TiAlN multilayers of 2 μm thickness were successfully prepared by reactive DC magnetron sputtering method. XRD pattern showed the (1 1 1) preferential orientation for both TiN and TiAlN layers. XPS characterization showed the presence of different phases like TiN, TiO2, TiON, AlN and Al2O3. Cross sectional TEM indicated the columnar growth of the coatings. The average RMS roughness value of 4.8 nm was observed from AFM analysis. TiN/TiAlN coating showed lower friction coefficient and lower wear rate than single layer coatings. The results of electrochemical experiments indicated that a TiN/TiAlN multilayer coating has superior corrosion resistance in 3.5% NaCl solution. 相似文献
64.
Antony Cyril Arulrajan Palaniappan Subramanian Ramesh Kumar Singh Alex Schechter 《Israel journal of chemistry》2020,60(5-6):563-569
Developing Pt-free catalysts for hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in alkaline solution is becoming a key challenge in the development of anion exchange membrane fuel cells and electrochemical reactors. Herein, we present the preparation, HOR activity, and stability of Pd-decorated tungsten (Pd-d-W) catalysts. The Pd-d-W catalysts were prepared by the chemically activated surface of tungsten nanoparticles by Pd ions. The resultant bimetallic catalysts consisted of crystalline phases of both Pd and W nanoparticles. The CO stripping voltammograms and H-desorption (Hdes) peak potential of hydrogen desorption in Pd suggests that the enhancement of HOR catalytic activity observed in Pd-d-W catalyst can be ascribed to the modification of electronic property of Pd and availability of OHad near-surface Pd atoms. 相似文献
65.
Ponnusamy Nandha Kumar Shangavi Subramanian Uthirapathy Vijayalakshmi Sanjeevi Kannan 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2020,103(6):3528-3540
Structurally stable β-Ca3(PO4)2/t-ZrO2 composite mixtures with the aid of Dy3+ stabilizer were accomplished at 1500°C. The precursors comprising Ca2+, P5+, Zr4+, and Dy3+ have been varied to obtain five different combinations. The results revealed the fact that complete phase transformation of calcium-deficient apatite to β-Ca3(PO4)2 occurred only at 1300°C, whereas the evidence of t-ZrO2 crystallization is obvious at 900°C. The dual occupancy of Dy3+ at β-Ca3(PO4)2 and t-ZrO2 structures was evident; however, Dy3+ initially prefers to occupy β-Ca3(PO4)2 lattice until its saturation limit and thereafter accommodates at the lattice site of ZrO2. The typical absorption and emission behavior of Dy3+ were noticed in all the systems and, moreover, the surrounding symmetry of Dy3+ domains has been determined from the luminescence study. All the systems ensured paramagnetic response that is generally contributed by the presence of Dy3+. A gradual increment in the phase content of t-ZrO2 in the composite mixtures ensured a significant improvement in the hardness and Young's modulus of the investigated compositions. 相似文献
66.
Saheli Rao Sivanesh Murugan Gopal Achari Basil Perdicakis Anil K. Mehrotra 《加拿大化工杂志》2023,101(6):3044-3058
The steam generation processes at the steam-assisted gravity drainage facilities result in huge quantities of wastewater streams, which are characterized by high pH and high silica levels. These concentrated streams need to be neutralized before their disposal via down-hole injection. The neutralization of these high-pH brines results in the formation of a gel-like substance, which makes it difficult to filter the amorphous silica gel. The wastewater used in this study was synthetically prepared using sodium metasilicate to mimic high-concentration silica solutions. Our experiments did not show any advantage of a two-step pH-neutralization process over the single-step process for suppressing silica gelation. A systematic experimental campaign was undertaken to investigate the effects of SiO2 concentration, NaCl:SiO2 ratio, and pH on the residual silica concentration, percent silica removal, filtration rate, and filtration effectiveness. For NaCl:SiO2 ratios higher than 4.5, silica precipitation during pH reduction did not lead to the formation of gel or sol. The response surface methodology (RSM), based on the Doehlert design of experiments, was implemented to optimize the responses and provide high efficacy with fewer experiments. The results from the analysis of variance (ANOVA) analyses of the experimental data were used to evaluate the significance of each term in the quadratic model. 3D response surfaces and 2D contour plots were generated for determining the optimal ranges of independent factors for achieving the maximum silica removal, the highest filtration rate, the best filtration effectiveness, and the minimum residual silica concentration. An optimum operating region was established from the RSM analysis and overlay plot. 相似文献
67.
S. Koike R. Subramanian H. Nabetani M. Nakajima 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2002,79(9):937-942
Different types of commercial nonporous (reverse osmosis and gas separation) polymeric membranes were screened for their abilities
to separate FFA, MG, DG, and TG from a lipase hydrolysate of high-oleic sunflower oil after diluting it with organic solvents
(ethanol and hexane). Cellulose acetate (CA) (NIR-1698) membrane gave the largest difference in rejection between FFA and
glycerides and high flux in oil/ethanol mixtures. In the hexane system, the values of permeate flux and rejection were generally
lower than those in the ethanol system. The silicone-polyimide composite membrane (NTGS-2100) gave the highest flux and rejections
of solutes (70.2% for FFA, 94.4% for TG) in oil/hexane mixtures. In the ethanol system with the CA membrane, TG had the highest
rejection (98%) followed by DG (90%) and MG and FFA (50–70%) when the oil concentration was varied from 6.3 to 45.8%. A discontinuous
diafiltration process (16 batches) using the CA membrane with ethanol changed the composition of the oil from 31∶28∶9∶32 TG/DG/MG/FFA
to 65∶30∶1∶4. The results of this study showed that oil constituents can be separated in suitable solvents using appropriate
nonporous membranes. 相似文献
68.
Siva Ariyapadi Franco Berruti Ram Balachandar 《Chemical Engineering Communications》2003,190(12):1681-1704
The spray characteristics of a scaled-down version of an industrial feed nozzle are studied in the presence of a cross flow. Aerated liquid nitrogen is injected through the nozzle to generate the spray. The aeration rate is low and held constant, while two different liquid flow rates are used to produce the spray. A nonuniform wind profile is chosen to represent the cross flow condition. The droplet diameter and velocity measurements are acquired using a phase-Doppler particle analyzer. The results of the present study indicate that the spray momentum flux determines the extent of the jet bending. The droplets are accelerated significantly in the initial jet region as a result of flashing. However, further downstream of the nozzle, the vaporization of the droplets is considered to be negligible. The size-velocity correlation changes significantly for the case where the spray is shifted due to the cross flow. 相似文献
69.
Optimization of Lithium Content and Sintering Aid for Maximized Li+ Conductivity and Density in Ta‐Doped Li7La3Zr2O12 下载免费PDF全文
Narayanasamy Janani Sampathkumar Ramakumar Subramanian Kannan Ramaswamy Murugan 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2015,98(7):2039-2046
Ta‐doped cubic phase Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) lithium garnet received considerable attention in recent times as prospective electrolyte for all‐solid‐state lithium battery. Although the conductivity has been improved by stabilizing the cubic phase with the Ta5+ doping for Zr4+ in LLZ, the density of the pellet was found to be relatively poor with large amount of pores. In addition to the high Li+ conductivity, density is also an essential parameter for the successful application of LLZ as solid electrolyte membrane in all‐solid‐state lithium battery. Systematic investigations carried out through this work indicated that the optimal Li concentration of 6.4 (i.e., Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12) is required to obtain phase pure, relatively dense and high Li+ conductive cubic phase in Li7?xLa3Zr2?xTaxO12 solid solutions. Effort has been also made in this work to enhance the density and Li+ conductivity of Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 further through the Li4SiO4 addition. A maximized room‐temperature (33°C) total (bulk + grain boundary) Li+ conductivity of 3.7 × 10?4 S/cm and maximized relative density of 94% was observed for Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 added with 1 wt% of Li4SiO4. 相似文献
70.