Upward pressure on wages and the interregional trade spillover effects under demand-side shocks

The paper illustrates the effect of a permanent demand-side shock in the perturbed regions and the associated spillover effects in the non-perturbed regions using a spatial-numerical general equilibrium model of the EU economy. We test to what extent gradual upward pressure on wages generated by a domestic increase in demand alters the magnitude of the economic impacts in the long-run and the degree to which this could result in changes in trade patterns. We also assess the size and the direction of the effects with varying trade substitution elasticities and under both perfectly and imperfectly competitive product markets.     

PPP模式在我国城市铁路客运枢纽站建设中的应用

PPP模式是公共基础设施建设中发展起来的一种优化的项目融资与实施模式,这是一种以各参与方的"双赢"或"多赢"为合作理念的运作模式.本文介绍了PPP模式的内涵,分析了城市铁路客运枢纽站建设中面临的资金问题,介绍了PPP在我国城市铁路客运枢纽站建设中的运作模式,最后探讨了PPP模式在我国城市铁路客运枢纽站应用中需注意的问题.     

Xenobiotic organic compounds in leachates from ten Danish MSW landfills--chemical analysis and toxicity tests

A monitoring program comprising chemical analysis and biological toxicity testing of leachate samples from 10 Danish landfills (six engineered and four uncontrolled) revealed the presence of 55 different xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs) and 10 degradation products of XOCs. The compounds belong to the following groups: BTEX, C3-benzenes, bicyclo compounds, napthalenes, chlorinated aliphatics, phenols (chloro-, methyl-, dimethyl, nonyl-), pesticides, and phthalates. Concentrations of single XOCs ranged from <0.1 to 2220 microg/L. A pesticide screening including 101 different compounds resulted in detection of 18 pesticides and three degradation products. The findings of degradation products of toluene, phenols, phthalates, pesticides, and nonylphenol ethoxylates show that degradation occurred inside the landfills. In biotests with bacteria and algae it was found that the non-volatile organic compounds were toxic as the samples only needed to be pre-concentrated from 1.3 to 9.4 times to give 50% inhibition of the test organisms. One of the ten samples proved to be genotoxic in the umuC test after 141 times pre-concentration. A major part of the organic chemicals causing toxicity remains unknown and it is recommended to combine chemical analyses and biotests in future monitoring programs.     

Probing the effects of conjugation path on the electronic transmission through single molecules using scanning tunneling microscopy

A systematic study of the relationship between the molecular structure of a series of thiol end-capped oligo-phenylenevinylenes (OPVs) and the coherent electronic transmission at the single molecule level was measured by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). This reveals a significant change in the electronic transparency of various OPV derivatives due to the insertion of a methylene spacer group or due to nitro group substitution. Apparently, changes in the conjugation path through the central benzene ring from para to meta substitution does not have a profound effect on the electronic transparency of the molecules.     

Electric-field assisted growth and self-assembly of intrinsic silicon nanowires

Electric-field assisted growth and self-assembly of intrinsic silicon nanowires, in-situ, is demonstrated. The nanowires are seen to respond to the presence of a localized DC electric field set up between adjacent MEMS structures. The response is expressed in the form of improved nanowire order, alignment, and organization while transcending a gap. This process provides a simple yet reliable method for enhanced control over intrinsic one-dimensional nanostructure placement and handling.     

Derivation of sustainable breeding goals for dairy cattle using selection index theory

The objective was to present 2 methods for the derivation of nonmarket values for functional traits in dairy cattle using deterministic simulation and selection index theory. A nonmarket value can be a value representing animal welfare and societal influences for animal production, which can be added to market economic values in the breeding goal to define sustainable breeding goals. The first method was restricted indices. A consequence of adding a nonmarket value to a market economic value for a given functional trait is less selection emphasis on milk yield. In the second method, the loss in selection response in milk resulting from greater emphasis on functional traits was quantified. The 2 methods were demonstrated using a breeding goal for dairy cattle with 4 traits (milk yield, mastitis resistance, conception rate, and stillbirth). Nonmarket values derived separately using restricted indices were 0.4 and 2.6 times the value of market economic values for mastitis resistance and conception rate, respectively. Nonmarket values for mastitis resistance and conception rate were both lower when derived simultaneously than when derived separately. This was due to the positive genetic correlation between mastitis resistance and conception rate, and because both traits are negatively correlated with milk yield. Using the second method and accepting a 5% loss in selection response for milk yield, nonmarket values for mastitis, conception rate, and stillbirth were 0.3, 1.4, and 2.9 times the market economic values. It was concluded that the 2 methods could be used to derive nonmarket values for functional traits in dairy cattle.