Identification of a class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase in human saliva and increased levels of this enzyme, glutathione S-transferases, and DT-diaphorase in the saliva of subjects who continually ingest large quantities of coffee or broccoli

Human saliva was tested for the presence of cytosolic class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase, glutathione S-transferases alpha, mu, and pi, and DT-diaphorase, enzymes that are known to catalyze the biotransformation of many xenobiotics, including some that are carcinogens and some that are antineoplastic agents. Each of these enzymes was found to be present in this fluid. Inducers of these enzymes are known to be abundantly present in the human diet, especially in certain vegetables and fruits. Further investigation revealed that the salivary content of these enzymes rapidly, coordinately, and markedly increased upon daily consumption of relatively large amounts of coffee or broccoli. The enzyme activities of interest rapidly returned to basal levels when these substances were removed from the diet. Given the important role that cytosolic class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase, the glutathione S-transferases, and DT-diaphorase are thought to play in determining the carcinogenic potential of some cancer-producing agents as well as the cytotoxic potential of some antineoplastic agents, and assuming that their salivary levels reflect their tissue levels, quantification of the salivary content of one or more of these enzymes, a noninvasive and relatively easy undertaking, could be useful in: (a) preliminarily assessing the chemopreventive potential of various diets and drugs; (b) establishing the optimal dose and schedule in Phase I clinical trials for any putatively chemopreventive diets or drugs of interest; and (c) the rational selection and use of chemotherapeutic agents, since several are inactivated, and a few are activated, by these enzymes; alternatively, the antineoplastic agent could be selected first and then a diet that enables the agent to achieve its full therapeutic potential would be selected based on whether high or low enzyme activity would be favorable in that regard. Such measurements may also be useful as an indicator when exposure to carcinogenic/teratogenic/otherwise toxic environmental/industrial/dietary agents that induce these enzymes is suspected.     

Differential display of genome subsets containing specific interspersed repeats

A genomic differential display method was developed that analyzes many restriction fragment length polymorphisms simultaneously. Interspersed repeat sequences were used to reduce DNA sample complexity and to target genomic subsets of interest. This work focused on trinucleotide repeats because of their importance in human inherited diseases. Immobilized repeat-containing oligonucleotides were used to capture genomic DNA fragments containing sequences complementary to the oligonucleotide. Captured fragments were amplified by PCR and fluorescently labeled using primers complementary to the repeat sequence and/or to the known sequences ligated to the ends of the restriction fragments. The labeled PCR fragments were displayed by size on a high-resolution automated fluorescent DNA sequencing instrument. Although there was a conservation in the overall pattern of displayed genome subsets, many clear and reproducible differences were detected when genomes from different individuals were compared. Fewer differences were detected within, than between, monozygotic twin pair genomes. In control experiments, the method distinguished between Huntington disease alleles with normal and expanded CAG repeat lengths.     

Condition of the beginning of vibrational gas combustion in an unsealed vessel of rectangular shape

Moscow. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol 25, No. 1, pp. 36–39, January–February, 1989.     

Macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, and apoptosis in HIV+ patients and normal blood donors

Clearance of apoptotic debris is carried out by cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and, as other macrophage functions, it can be altered in AIDS, leading to the accumulation of apoptotic cells observed in this disease. In this study we evaluated the ability of macrophages from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients to differentiate and to clear apoptotic debris in prolonged in vitro cultures. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from infected hemophilia patients were cultured in the absence of exogenously added stimulators and the organization and morphological characteristics of the cultures were analyzed and correlated with clinical staging of the patients. Cell aggregates of different sizes involving macrophages and lymphocytes were formed in cultures from asymptomatic HIV+ patients (CDC groups II-III) and controls and in 4/7 group IV C2 HIV+ patients. In order to obtain viable and organized cultures, cells had to be handled carefully, allowing contact and undisturbed sedimentation in round-bottom tubes. Multinucleated giant cells (MGC) were formed through macrophage fusion after 5 days of culture in HIV- controls, group II and III patients, and some of the group IV C2 patients, while scarce formation of MGC was observed in AIDS patients or patients with advanced HIV disease. This paucity was correlated with impaired dead cell removal and accumulation of apoptotic debris. Viability of macrophages and MGC was reduced after 15 days. MGC and the macrophages (either free or in cell aggregates) were able to remove dead cells, clearing the cultures of cell debris. Furthermore, in group II and III HIV+ hemophilic patients, increased macrophage-MGC phagocytic activity, suggesting in vivo activation, was frequently observed. In HIV+ patients with AIDS or advanced HIV disease (CDC groups IV A, IV C1, and IV D) dead cell removal was impaired and apoptotic debris accumulated. Long-term cultures of unstimulated PBMC are an interesting model for studying the role of macrophages and/or MGC in the removal of dead cells as well as examining the cellular milieu in which HIV replicates in an individual host.     

Ultrastructural criteria that prove the similarities between amphibian and human tumors

The relationship between selected foods and nutrients and breast cancer risk was investigated in strata of age and menopausal status using data from a case-control study on breast cancer conducted between June 1991 and April 1994 in six Italian areas. Cases were 2,569 women with histologically confirmed incident breast cancer admitted to the major teaching and general hospitals of the study areas; controls were 2,588 women with no history of cancer admitted to hospitals in the same catchment area as cases for acute, nonneoplastic, nongynecological conditions unrelated to hormonal or digestive tract diseases or to long-term modifications of diet. Dietary habits were investigated using a validated food frequency questionnaire, including 78 foods or food groups. Among food groups, bread was directly and significantly related to breast cancer risk in older women and, consequently, in postmenopause, whereas the protection conferred by fish consumption was stronger in postmenopause and that exerted by raw vegetables was stronger in premenopause. Among nutrients, unsaturated fatty acids were inversely related to breast cancer risk, the association being stronger in postmenopausal and elderly women. The pattern was similar for total fats. For starch, available carbohydrates, and total proteins, no heterogeneity emerged across strata of age and menopausal status. Among micronutrients, protection diminished with increasing age for beta-carotene and calcium, whereas no heterogeneity emerged for vitamin E. Thus this age-specific analysis of the largest investigation to date on diet and breast cancer did not show any consistent pattern of breast cancer risk in relation to selected dietary factors across strata of age and menopausal status.     

Characterization of a high capacity calcium transport system in mitochondria of the yeast Endomyces magnusii

The Ca2+ transport system of Endomyces magnusii mitochondria has been shown previously to be activated by spermine. Here we report it to be regulated also by low, physiological ADP concentrations, by the intramitochondrial NADH/NAD+ ratio, and by Ca2+ ions. The combination of all these physiological modulators induced high initial rates of Ca2+ uptake and high Ca2+-buffering capacity of yeast mitochondria, enabling them to lower the medium [Ca2+] to approximately 0.2 microM. The mechanisms of stimulation by these agents are discussed.     

Spatial organization of electrical processes in the brain: problems and solutions

Theoretical questions of the spatial organization of electrical activity in the brain are discussed in terms of a multilevel realization of the synergetic principle for formation of functional systems underlying behavior and mental function. The role of the spatial-temporal superimposition of coherent structures of biopotentials in generating fields of increased activity in the cerebral cortex is discussed, these being responsible for integrative and associative functions. A hypothesis is proposed regarding the relationship between the energy and information factors of coherent structures as one of the important characteristics describing the efficiency of energy-informational processes. Emphasis is placed on the need for considering not only linear, but also nonlinear associations of biopotentials in considerations of the form and functional sense of their spatial organization.     

45Ca exchange in rat cortex slices in conditions of long-term potentiation

OBJECTIVE: An attempt was made to find out how many operations were performed in Europe in 1995 for congenital heart disease. METHODS: Representatives from the 20 most active European countries which could supply reliable information were contacted. They were asked to contact all surgeons performing significant numbers of operations for congenital heart disease in their country. The numbers of operations on children under and over 1 year operated on with and without cardiopulmonary bypass were collected. No attempt was made to collect more detailed information such as operative mortality as it was felt that many surgeons would be reluctant to give their results and the data would be incomplete. RESULTS: A total of 27,976 operations were recorded, of which 20,318 were performed with cardiopulmonary bypass and 7658 without. The total population of the 20 European countries was 448 million and the mean number of operations performed with cardiopulmonary bypass per million was 45.4. However, the rate varied from 9.1 to 70.1. The percentage of operations on cardiopulmonary bypass performed in the first year of life varied from 9.4% to 44.4%. CONCLUSIONS: The total of nearly 28,000 operations in 1995 is probably an underestimate, but it has been difficult to collect this data at all. Obviously many smaller countries have not been included, and some older patients undergoing operations such as atrial septal defect closure in adult units have been missed. The number of open heart operations per million vary in different countries and this presumably represents differing referral patterns. If their numbers are low in some countries, these results may be helpful in persuading their governments that more resources are needed for congenital heart surgery. It is also interesting to see the variation in the number of operations performed in the first year of life. Those countries with a lower rate may have a backlog of older patients who were previously palliated, or their surgeons may still prefer initial palliation and later correction in some conditions rather than early correction. It is hoped that with better prospective data collection, an assessment can be repeated in 2000.