A Semantic Proof of Polytime Soundness of Light Affine Logic

We define realizability semantics for Light Affine Logic ( LAL\mathsf{LAL} ) which has the property that denotations of functions are polynomial time computable by construction of the model. This gives a new proof of polytime-soundness of LAL\mathsf{LAL} which is considerably simpler than the standard proof based on proof nets and is entirely semantical in nature. The model construction uses a new instance of a resource monoid; a general method for interpreting systems based on Linear Logic introduced earlier by the authors.     

Study on TSV isolation liners for a Via Last approach with the use in 3D-WLP for MEMS

This paper discusses approaches for the isolation of deep high aspect ratio through silicon vias (TSV) with respect to a Via Last approach for micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). Selected TSV samples have depths in the range of 170…270 µm and a diameter of 50 µm. The investigations comprise the deposition of different layer stacks by means of subatmospheric and plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) of tetraethyl orthosilicate; Si(OC₂H₅)₄ (TEOS). Moreover, an etch-back approach and the selective deposition on SiN were also included in the investigations. With respect to the Via Last approach, the contact opening at the TSV bottom by means of a specific spacer-etching method have been addressed within this paper. Step coverage values of up to 74 % were achieved for the best of those approaches. As an alternative to the SiO₂-isolation liners a polymer coating based on the CVD of Parylene F was investigated, which yields even higher step coverage in the range of 80 % at the lower TSV sidewall for a surface film thickness of about 1000 nm. Leakage current measurements were performed and values below 0.1 nA/cm² at 10 kV/cm were determined for the Parylene F films which represents a promising result for the aspired application to Via Last MEMS-TSV.     

PIN OLEDs — Improved structures and materials to enhance device lifetime

Abstract— Currently, three issues are identified that decide upon the commercial success of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), both in display and lighting applications: power efficiency, lifetime, and price competitiveness. PIN OLEDs are widely seen as the preferred way to maximize power efficiency. Here, it is reported that this concept also delivers the world longest lifetimes. For a highly efficient deep‐red PIN OLED, a half‐lifetime of 25,000 hours for a starting brightness of 10,000 cd/m² and a minimal voltage increase over lifetime is reported. This value corresponds to more than 1 × 10⁶ hours at 1000 cd/m² using an exponent of n = 1.7, which was measured by driving the OLEDs at different starting luminances. Because there is no initial luminance drop, these PIN OLEDs also exhibit a very high 80% lifetime (>300,000 hours at 1000 cd/m²). New record lifetime values for blue and green will be reported as well. Additionally, further topics that have impact on the production yield and cost such as the newly developed air‐stable organic n‐doping material NDN‐26 and top‐emitting structures will be discussed.     

Cardiac transplantation in perspective for the future. Survival, complications, rehabilitation, and cost

Two hundred twenty-seven cardiac transplant procedures have been performed in 206 patients from January, 1968, to April, 1981. Postoperative survival rates, calculated by the actuarial method for program years 1968 to 1973 (66 patients), are 44%, 33%, 27%, 21%, and 18% at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years after transplantation, respectively. Postoperative survival rates for program years 1974 to 1981 (140 patients) are 63%, 55%, 51, 44%, and 39% at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years after transplantation, respectively. This increase results primarily from improvement in survival achieved in the first 3 postoperative months (59% +/- 7%, 1968 to 1973, versus 80% +/- 40%, 1974 to 1980), reflecting improved patient management. Infection remains the primary cause of death following transplantation (76/131 patients, 58%), followed by acute rejection (24/181, 18.3%), graft arteriosclerosis (14/131, 10.7%), and malignancy (6/131, 4.6%). The development of graft arteriosclerosis has been examined in 85 one-year survivors studied by annual coronary arteriograms. Coronary lesions of varying severity have developed in 21 patients. HLA-A2 incompatibility was associated with a higher incidence of graft arteriosclerosis than was apparent for all other A locus incompatibilities (p less than 0.0003). Lymphoma has been shown to be associated with younger recipient age, a primary disease diagnosis of idiopathic cardiomyopathy, and retransplantation. One hundred six patients have survived at least 1 year after transplantation; 97% were in NYHA Class 1 at that time interval and 82% returned to employment or activity of choice. The longest survival time is new 11 years, 3 months. Cardiac transplantation can be considered "reasonable and therapeutic treatment to extend life" in selected individuals.     

Changes of bone-perfusion in osteosynthesis of the femur with a marrow-nail (author's transl)

The perfusion of the bone in the hind leg after osteosynthesis (nailing of the bone-marrow) was studied. In 11 shepherd dogs (bastards) an osteotomy of the femur was done; it was treated with a marrow-nail without boring the marrow-cavity. With the "tracer-microsphere"-method the perfusion of femur, tibia and talus of both hind legs was measured. Measurements were performed before and after surgery, in 10 dogs 2 weeks and in 8 dogs 6 weeks after surgery. Immediately after the operation the perfusion was reduced considerably in all the examined bones of the operated leg. Two weeks later the perfusion was increased in all bones of both hind limbs. In the cancellous bone of the femur the perfusion reached the original preoperative values after 6 weeks; in cortical bone a further increase of the perfusion was noted. This increase was most marked in the cortical bone of the operated femur; it was less in the cortical bone of the other bones.     

Accessory artificial circulation in complex treatment of experimental acute toxic pulmonary edema

In experiments on 50 dogs with toxic acute edema of the lung, induced with intravenous injection of 0.1% silver nitrate, the authors have studied the efficacy of accessory artificial circulation and "conservative" therapy. During the perfusion a discharge of the right portions, adequate extracorporeal gas metabolism, normalization of blood gas and acid-base balance were noted; an intensity of pulmonary edema is descreased. An intensive therapy for pulmonary edema was found to be more effective in association of "conservative" treatment with venoarterial perfusion and blood oxygenation.     

Determination of the pressurising period for stored cryogenic fluids

It is a normal operating condition for a lot of cryogenic storage vessels that no boil-off gas is vented over long periods, which leads to a simultaneous pressure increase of the stored fluid. One main reason therefore is to avoid product losses during transport or between withdrawals. At transport conditions the mixing of the fluid can be assumed to be ideally, which results in a maximum reachable pressurising period. At stationary conditions the pressurising period is expected to be shorter, because a stratification is rising up, so that the heat capacity of the stored fluid cannot be used completely.In a thermodynamic view, an isochore change of state takes place and the heat flux into the vessel rises the internal energy of the fluid. For the representation of the isochore change of state a new developed Δu/v-v-diagram with the 1 × 10⁵ Pa reference as a basis line is introduced. The basis line is linear for the filling rate and functionally connected with the specific volume.For the fluids He and H₂ e.g., Δu/v-v-diagrams are pointed out, using the u- and v-values on the saturation lines for the two phase region and those of some isobar lines for the region above the critical pressure.     

Advanced cold rolled steels for automotive applications

Advanced multiphase steels offer a great potential for bodies‐in‐white through their combination of formability and achievable component strength levels. They are first choice for strength and crash‐relevant parts of challenging geometry. The intensive development of high‐strength multiphase steels by ThyssenKrupp has led to hot dip galvanizing concepts with an outstanding forming potential. Hot rolled, hot dip galvanized complex phase steels are currently produced in addition to cold rolled DP and RA steels. New continuously annealed grades with tensile strength levels of up to 1000 MPa in combination with sufficient ductility for applications mainly in the field of structural automobile elements make use of the classic advantages of microalloying as well as the principles of DP and TRIP steels. Further improvement of properties will be reached by the new class of high manganese alloyed steels.     

Tribological behaviour of high alloy corrosionresistant steels and hard alloys undergoing oscillating sliding friction in water at 20 and 300°C

The coefficients of friction, the friction surface roughening and the mechanisms of wear for 11 metallic materials (high alloy steels and commercially available wear-resistant iron-, nickel- and cobalt-base alloys) were determined by friction tests performed in water at 20 and 300°C. The material combination 1.4550/1.4550 showed adhesive wear and coefficients of friction f of up to 1.6 at low surface pressures. Pure abrasive wear was found with seven hard alloy combinations. Typical curves of the coefficient of friction as a function of the number of friction cycles were obtained with both adhesive and abrasive wear. Short-term tests allowed the tendency of a material combination to adhesive wear to be determined. It was also found that the form of the curve of the coefficient of friction as a function of the number of friction cycles indicated which wear mechanism was operating.     

High-frequency electrical properties of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with a monolithically integrated electro-optical modulator

The high-frequency electrical properties of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with a monolithically integrated electro-optical modulator are studied using small-signal modulation analysis of the electroreflectance. The experimental data obtained are approximated using the suggested equivalent electrical circuit, which accounts for the formation of a nonequilibrium space charge in the carrier-depletion region of the modulator. The bandwidth of the high-frequency electrical-signal transfer to the electro-optical region, determined for the suggested equivalent electrical circuit of the modulator, is shown to be 3GHz.