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71.
Dynamic mechanical measurements in the cantilever bending and torsion rectangular modes were compared on two epoxy samples: one unidirectionally reinforced by 42 vol.% graphite fibers, the other modified by 15 wt.% carboxy terminated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber. Two forced oscillation instruments were used: cantilever bending on a Polymer Labs DMTA and torsion with a Rheometrics System Four. In the cantilever mode, the storage modulus on both samples was measured at about two to three times too low because of compliance of the instrument. The two instruments agreed and appeared to measure accurately tan δ on the graphite-reinforced samples. Agreement was only fair on tan δ for the rubber-modified sample. Multiple frequency data were used to separate the glass-transition temperature of the rubber from the epoxy β transition. Activation energies of these transitions are within the range reported. This study demonstrates the value of forced oscillation methods and the importance of selecting sample dimensions to fit instrument limits. 相似文献
72.
Synthesis,Pharmacological Evaluation,and Docking Studies of Novel Pyridazinone‐Based Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Ligands
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Dr. Giulio Ragusa Dr. Serena Bencivenni Dr. Paula Morales Dr. Tyra Callaway Dr. Dow P. Hurst Dr. Battistina Asproni Dr. Stefania Merighi Dr. Giovanni Loriga Prof. Gerard A. Pinna Prof. Patricia H. Reggio Prof. Stefania Gessi Prof. Gabriele Murineddu 《ChemMedChem》2018,13(11):1102-1114
In recent years, cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2R) have emerged as promising therapeutic targets in a wide variety of diseases. Selective ligands of CB2R are devoid of the psychoactive effects typically observed for CB1R ligands. Based on our recent studies on a class of pyridazinone 4‐carboxamides, further structural modifications of the pyridazinone core were made to better investigate the structure–activity relationships for this promising scaffold with the aim to develop potent CB2R ligands. In binding assays, two of the new synthesized compounds [6‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐2‐(4‐fluorobenzyl)‐cis‐N‐(4‐methylcyclohexyl)‐3‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydropyridazine‐4‐carboxamide ( 2 ) and 6‐(4‐chloro‐3‐methylphenyl)‐cis‐N‐(4‐methylcyclohexyl)‐3‐oxo‐2‐pentyl‐2,3‐dihydropyridazine‐4‐carboxamide ( 22 )] showed high CB2R affinity, with Ki values of 2.1 and 1.6 nm , respectively. In addition, functional assays of these compounds and other new active related derivatives revealed their pharmacological profiles as CB2R inverse agonists. Compound 22 displayed the highest CB2R selectivity and potency, presenting a favorable in silico pharmacokinetic profile. Furthermore, a molecular modeling study revealed how 22 produces inverse agonism through blocking the movement of the toggle‐switch residue, W6.48. 相似文献
73.
Application of bacteria involved in the biological sulfur cycle for paper mill effluent purification 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Albert J.H. Janssen Piet N.L. Lens Caroline M. Plugge Gerard Muyzer Erik Van Zessen Cees J.N. Buisman 《The Science of the total environment》2009,407(4):1333-1343
In anaerobic wastewater treatment, the occurrence of biological sulfate reduction results in the formation of unwanted hydrogen sulfide, which is odorous, corrosive and toxic. In this paper, the role and application of bacteria in anaerobic and aerobic sulfur transformations are described and exemplified for the treatment of a paper mill wastewater. The sulfate containing wastewater first passes an anaerobic UASB reactor for bulk COD removal which is accompanied by the formation of biogas and hydrogen sulfide. In an aeration pond, the residual CODorganic and the formed dissolved hydrogen sulfide are removed. The biogas, consisting of CH4 (80-90 vol.%), CO2 (10-20 vol.%) and H2S (0.8-1.2 vol.%), is desulfurised prior to its combustion in a power generator thereby using a new biological process for H2S removal. This process will be described in more detail in this paper. Biomass from the anaerobic bioreactor has a compact granular structure and contains a diverse microbial community. Therefore, other anaerobic bioreactors throughout the world are inoculated with biomass from this UASB reactor. The sludge was also successfully used in investigation on sulfate reduction with carbon monoxide as the electron donor and the conversion of methanethiol. This shows the biotechnological potential of this complex reactor biomass. 相似文献
74.
Mapping of background air pollution at a fine spatial scale across the European Union 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Rob Beelen Gerard Hoek Danielle Vienneau David J. Briggs 《The Science of the total environment》2009,407(6):1852-1867
Background
There is a need to understand much more about the geographic variation of air pollutants. This requires the ability to extrapolate from monitoring stations to unsampled locations. The aim was to assess methods to develop accurate and high resolution maps of background air pollution across the EU.Methods
We compared the validity of ordinary kriging, universal kriging and regression mapping in developing EU-wide maps of air pollution on a 1 × 1 km resolution. Predictions were made for the year 2001 for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), fine particles < 10 µm (PM10), ozone (O3), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) using routine monitoring data in Airbase. Predictor variables from EU-wide databases were land use, road traffic, population density, meteorology, altitude, topography and distance to sea. Models were developed for the global, rural and urban scale separately. The best method to model concentrations was selected on the basis of predefined performance measures (R2, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)).Results
For NO2, PM10 and O3 universal kriging performed better than regression mapping and ordinary kriging. Validation of the final universal kriging estimates with results from all validation sites gave R2-values and RMSE-values of 0.61 and 6.73 µg/m3 for NO2; 0.45 and 5.19 µg/m3 for PM10; and 0.70 and 7.69 µg/m3 for O3. For SO2 and CO none of the three methods was able to provide a satisfactory prediction.Conclusion
Reasonable prediction models were developed for NO2, PM10 and O3 on an EU-wide scale. Our study illustrates that it is possible to develop detailed maps of background air pollution using EU-wide databases. 相似文献75.
Fouad Al Katrib Gerard Chambat Jean-Paul Joseleau 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》1988,43(4):309-317
Enzymic saccharification of wheat straw in the absence of any pretreatment was only about 20 %. Acid hydrolysis did not improve the overall cellulose enzymic breakdown, nor did pretreatment by flash autohydrolysis under pressure or sodium chlorite delignification. When wheat straw was treated with N-methyl-morpholine-N-oxide (MMNO) at J20°C for 20–30 min, this treatment and subsequent enzymic hydrolysis produced carbohydrate conversion of 73%. Similar results could be obtained by treating straw with 0·1 M sodium hydroxide. When MMNO treatment was combined with any other pretreatment, the saccharification yield was greatly enhanced. Nearly quantitative conversion was obtained by swelling straw in 0·1 M sodium hydroxide followed by MMNO treatment. The results show that lignin content of plant material does not represent the limiting factor to enzymic saccharification. 相似文献
76.
电力市场环境下互联电网恢复控制的评述 总被引:12,自引:11,他引:1
阐述现代互联电网对恢复控制的要求;比较不同的恢复控制策略,包括自下至上(bottomup)、自上至下(top-down)及混合策略;讨论其优化与协调.根据各种恢复策略涉及的技术与经济因素,讨论决策支持系统应具备的功能.提出基于风险的自适应决策优化,分析市场环境对启动电源(包括黑启动)服务和恢复控制的影响,提出经济层面的优化及其与技术层面的协调.强调以量化指标反映启动电源服务的技术性能及停电风险,兼顾启动电源的经济性与可靠性. 相似文献
77.
互联电网恢复控制的自适应优化 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1
建立统一考虑负荷恢复的收益、控制代价及恢复过程中系统风险的恢复控制优化模型.提出2层优化框架,按"分区独立优化、协调动态分区"方式自适应优化,克服离线预案依据的场景及措施优先顺序不变的缺点.同时将研究从自下而上(bottom-up)策略拓展到自上而下(top-down)策略和混合策略,包括各类策略内部的优化和不同策略之间的协调.基于自适应优化和风险决策的观点,设计模块算法.按大停电防御体系的信息、分析、控制3个要素,设计在线决策支持系统的框架模型,阐明各功能模块间的逻辑关系,并用仿真验证了其有效性和自适应性. 相似文献
78.
Muhammad Adi Negara Niti GoelDaniel Bauza Gerard GhibaudoPaul K. Hurley 《Microelectronic Engineering》2011,88(7):1095-1097
This paper reports on an investigation of interface state densities, low frequency noise and electron mobility in surface channel In0.53Ga0.47As n-MOSFETs with a ZrO2 gate dielectric. Interface state density values of Dit ∼ 5 × 1012 cm−2 eV−1 were extracted using sub-threshold slope analysis and charge pumping technique. The same order of magnitude of trap density was found from low frequency noise measurements. A peak effective electron mobility of 1200 cm2/Vs has been achieved. For these surface channel In0.53Ga0.47As n-MOSFETs, it was found that η parameter, an empirical parameter used to calculate the effective electric field, was ∼0.55, and is to be comparable to the standard value found in Si device. 相似文献
79.
80.
Toine F.H. Bovee Hans G.J. Mol Monique E. Bienenmann-Ploum Henri H. Heskamp Gerard D. Van Bruchem Leendert A. Van Ginkel 《Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment》2016,33(5):749-759
In 2013 the Dutch authorities issued a warning against a dietary supplement that was linked to 11 reported adverse reactions, including heart problems and in one case even a cardiac arrest. In the UK a 20-year-old woman, said to have overdosed on this supplement, died. Since according to the label the product was a herbal mixture, initial LC-MS/MS analysis focused on the detection of plant toxins. Yohimbe alkaloids, which are not allowed to be present in herbal preparations according to Dutch legislation, were found at relatively high levels (400–900 mg kg–1). However, their presence did not explain the adverse health effects reported. Based on these effects the supplement was screened for the presence of a β-agonist, using three different biosensor assays, i.e. the validated competitive radioligand β2-adrenergic receptor binding assay, a validated β-agonists ELISA and a newly developed multiplex microsphere (bead)-based β-agonist assay with imaging detection (MAGPIX®). The high responses obtained in these three biosensors suggested strongly the presence of a β-agonist. Inspection of the label indicated the presence of N-isopropyloctopamine. A pure standard of this compound was bought and shown to have a strong activity in the three biosensor assays. Analysis by LC-full-scan high-resolution MS confirmed the presence of this ‘unknown known’ β3-agonist N-isopropyloctopamine, reported to lead to heart problems at high doses. A confirmatory quantitative analysis revealed that one dose of the preparation resulted in an intake of 40–60 mg, which is within the therapeutic range of this compound. The case shows the strength of combining bioassays with chemical analytical techniques for identification of illegal pharmacologically active substances in food supplements. 相似文献