Effects of extrusion screw speed,feed moisture content,and barrel temperature on the physical,techno-functional,and microstructural quality of texturized lentil protein

Utilizing lentil protein as a novel ingredient for producing texturized vegetable proteins (TVPs) can provide new opportunities for the production of next-generation hybrid meat products. TVPs from lentil protein isolate were manufactured using low-moisture extrusion cooking at different combinations of screw speed (SS), feed moisture content (MC), and barrel temperature (BT) profile. In total, seven different combinations of processing treatments were tested, and the resulting TVPs were characterized for their physical (rehydration ratio, texture profile analysis, color, and bulk density), techno-functional (oil and water holding capacities), and microstructural properties. The processing conditions of higher SS and lower MC resulted in increased values of several textural profile attributes (springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience), increased water holding capacity (WHC), and decreased bulk density. Compared to raw lentil protein, TVPs showed enhanced oil holding capacity, though WHC either decreased or remained constant. The extrusion response parameters (die pressure, torque, and specific mechanical energy) showed positive correlations with several physical properties (texture, WHC, and total color change), revealing their potential for serving as important TVP quality indicators. TVPs produced at SS, MC, and BT of 450 rpm, 30%, and 140°C, respectively, showed relatively better overall physical and techno-functional quality and can be used as meat extenders in hybrid meat patties. Overall, this research evidenced the viability of lentil protein as a potential ingredient for producing low-moisture TVPs.     

Effect of plasticizer-type and genipin on the mechanical, optical, and water vapor barrier properties of canola protein isolate-based edible films

The mechanical properties, opacity, and water vapor permeability of 5.0 % (w/w) canola protein isolate (CPI) films were investigated in the presence and absence of 1 % (w/w of CPI) genipin, and as a function of plasticizer-type [50 % (w/w of CPI); glycerol, sorbitol, and polyethylene glycol 400]. Findings indicated that tensile strength (TS), puncture strength (PS), and elastic modulus (E) values for CPI films prepared with sorbitol were the highest, followed by PEG-400 and then glycerol, whereas tensile elongation (TE) and puncture deformation (PD) values were greater for films prepared with glycerol, followed by PEG-400 and then sorbitol. In all cases, films prepared with genipin were stronger (greater TS, PS, and E) and less flexible (lower TE and PD) than uncross-linked films. Films also showed greater water vapor permeability when prepared with glycerol, followed by PEG-400 and then sorbitol; however, no differences were observed in the presence and absence of genipin. Opacity was least with glycerol present, followed by sorbitol and PEG-400, and increased in the presence of genipin.     

Efficacy of two iodophor postmilking teat germicides against Streptococcus agalactiae

Two iodophor teat germicides containing .1% and .5% titratable iodine were subjected to experimental challenge with Streptococci agalactiae in a 131-cow research herd. Both germicides reduced the number of new infections with challenge organisms during a 5-wk study. The .1% iodophor reduced the new infection rate 60.7%, and the .5% iodophor reduced the new infection rate 61.5%. Teat skin irritation and other teat abnormalities were not observed.     

Efficacy of dodecylaminoalkyl glycine teat dip against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis

Dodecylaminoalkyl glycine teat dip, diluted to 1.5% active ingredients, was evaluated in a controlled experimental challenge study to determine efficacy for preventing new intramammary infections with Staphylococcus aureus (Newbould 305) and Streptococcus agalactiae (McDonald 44). The dip reduced the incidence of intramammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus by 81.2%. Reduction of Streptococcus agalactiae intramammary infection was 67.5%.     

Efficacy evaluation of two new teat dip formulations under experimental challenge

Two new teat dip formulations were evaluated against Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus in half-udder, experimental challenge studies. The first product contained a combination of 1.9% linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid - .55% iodophor. Incidence of infection was reduced 52.7 and 70.7% for Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus in dipped quarters compared to undipped controls. The second formulation was a barrier-type product consisting of milk protein solubilized with lauryl sulfate, a surface active detergent and 4.8% glycerin. Rates of infection were reduced 60.3 and 67.9% for Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus.     

Determination of milk and mammary tissue concentrations of ceftiofur after intramammary and intramuscular therapy

Twenty-five Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis were tested for their susceptibility to ceftiofur. Zone diameter for 30 micrograms disks averaged 39 mm, and minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from .5 to 1 microgram/ml. Tissue and milk concentrations were determined from biopsy and quarter milk samples collected from eight cows treated with either intramammary infusion of 100 or 200 mg of ceftiofur, one or two intramuscular injections of 500 mg of ceftiofur, or combination therapy of intramammary infusion coupled with intramuscular injection. Three additional cows received two intramammary infusions of 200 mg of cephapirin at 24-h intervals. Intramuscular injections of ceftiofur resulted in tissue and milk concentrations below detectable limits. Staphylococcus aureus was not eliminated from infected mammary glands by infusion of 100 mg of ceftiofur or by injection of 500 mg of ceftiofur by 48 h after treatment. Combination therapy of 100 mg of ceftiofur infused and 500 mg injected reduced S. aureus numbers in milk and tissue markedly, as did infusion of 200 mg of ceftiofur. Cows receiving intramammary infusion of 200 mg of ceftiofur (two doses at 24-h intervals) had highest concentrations in milk (450 micrograms/ml at 4 and 6 h) and in tissue (.08 microgram/mg at 30 h). These concentrations are similar to those obtained with two 200-mg doses of cephapirin at 24-h intervals. Histologic analysis of mammary parenchymal tissues showed that combination therapy resulted in higher percentages of alveolar luminal area and lower percentages of interalveolar stroma compared with infusion or injection alone. Histology of quarters receiving combination therapy was not different from that of quarters receiving cephapirin infusion alone.     

Immunological aspects of mammary involution

Frequency of new intramammary infection is greatest during early involution, decreases during middle stages, and then increases prepartum. Penetrability of the teat canal, antibacterial properties of keratin, bacterial adherence, and epithelial sensitivity to toxins play a role in resistance. Leukocytes phagocytose bacteria and regulate expression of immune mechanisms, although their function is compromised during certain stages of involution. These cells increase to millions per milliliter as involution progresses and then decrease prepartum. Macrophages predominate in lacteal secretions, followed by lymphocytes and neutrophils. Lactoferrin, a major whey protein and iron chelator, is also associated with resistance to infection during the nonlactating period and may have immunomodulatory properties. Lacteal immunoglobulins increase throughout involution peaking prepartum and function by opsonizing bacteria, neutralizing toxins, and preventing bacterial adherence. Immunoglobulins are derived from blood or are produced locally by plasma cells present in the subepithelial mammary stroma. Plasma cells, lymphoid cells, and other protective leukocytes present in teat end tissues accumulate during infection and concentrations increase in response to local antigenic stimulation. Various aspects of the mammary immune system are compromised during periods of functional transition. Thus, vaccination, immunostimulation, accelerated involution, and intramammary devices are some methods now being tested to amplify local immunity and protect the gland from bacterial infection.     

Design and evaluation issues in an experiment on teaching thinking skills.

Addresses methodological issues (related to design and analyses) raised by G. J. Mellenbergh and W. P. Van den Brink (see record 1988-37230-001) and I. S. Schonfeld (1987) concerning the study by the present author and colleagues (see record 1987-08654-001) on teaching thinking skills. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Crowdsourced idea generation: The effect of exposure to an original idea

Crowdsourcing is an increasingly important approach to pursuing innovation. In crowdsourcing ideation websites, crowd members are often exposed to some stimulus ideas, such as examples provided by companies or peers' ideas. Understanding the effect of being exposed to original stimulus ideas in this context may inform the design of the crowdsourcing process. To test this effect, an experiment was conducted where crowd workers were asked to design a public service advertisement. Depending on the experimental condition, the participants were exposed to an original idea, or a common idea, or no idea. As compared to the absence of exposure, exposure to an original idea decreased fluency, defined as the number of ideas generated by each person, and increased the average originality of ideas generated by each person. By contrast, exposure to a common idea had no effect on either idea originality or fluency. The semantic similarity between the stimulus idea and the first idea generated was higher when the stimulus was common versus original as measured by latent semantic analysis. The implications of these results for research and practice are discussed.     

A computer simulation of XPD degradation due to multipath propagation

A computer program has been constructed to study degradation in Xpd (cross-polarization discrimination) due to multipath propagation. The geometric optics limit is used. The program will accept any analytic index of refraction including those with discontinuities in n or ?n. Antenna effects are included and all reflected, refracted, direct and ground reflected rays can be considered. Using a realistic index of refraction and realistic discontinuity, we have found that, after the antenna pattern, the major influence on Xpd is interference between the ground-reflected wave and the direct wave. There is also significant interference due to the waves reflected from the refractive index discontinuity which may arrive without ground reflection or may be reflected once or twice from the ground.