Characterization method of thermomechanical parameters for microelectronic materials

Reliability of thermomechanical simulations is critically linked to the accuracy of the mechanical properties that govern the behaviour of structure, like Young's modulus (E) and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). For many cases, the values found in literatures are dealing with bulk properties without detailed information on temperature effects. To address such issues, it is necessary to measure the materials parameters as a function of temperature. The measurement of CTE is usually accomplished by evaluating the thermal deflections of a subjected material layer deposited on a substrate, providing that E is known at a specific temperature of experiment. A bilayer method, based on theory of elasticity, is proposed to determine both E and CTE for a given temperature with a good resolution. This paper presents the theoretical analysis, the design and process of the microsystem test structures, and the main calculation results.     

New phenothiazine dyes and pigments

The synthesis of three new azaphenothiazine ring systems and an evaluation of their use as intermediates for new dyes and pigments is described. 2-Amino-5-bromopyrazine-3[4H]-thione (11) was prepared and converted to the novel 1,4,6,9-tetraazaphenothiazine ring system. The reaction of 4,5-diaminopyrimidine-6[1H]-thione (15) with 2,3-dichloropyrazines gave the isomeric 1,4,6,8-tetraazaphenothiazine ring system, another new heterocycle in this series. With 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline a previously unknown tetracyclic tetraazaphenothiazine ring system was isolated in satisfactory yields. The properties and reactions of these new heterocyclic systems are presented. Mixed nitric and sulphuric acids convert them to their 5-sulphoxides. Structural assignments were based on chemical evidence and their UV, IR, NMR and mass spectra. Mechanistic pathways to these compounds are also proposed.     

Fast algorithms for estimating the correlation functions of large signals

A fast algorithm is proposed for estimating the auto- and cross-correlation functions of a large signal. The algorithm is based on the sectioning method by the fast Fourier transform. We determine the optimal length of the portion of data read from external memory into RAM which achieves T_min—a minimum processing time. An estimate of T_min is obtained.Translated from Kibernetika, No. 3, pp. 78–81, May–June, 1991.     

Generation of Technology-Independent Retargetable Analog Blocks

This paper introduces a complete methodology for retargeting of analog cells to different sets of specifications. This methodology is technology-independent, thus allowing the migration, from one technology to another, of the circuit under retargeting. Careful integration of the device sizing and layout generation tasks via the incorporation of layout constraints during the sizing process allows to generate fully functional designs in a few minutes. The methodology is illustrated via the retargeting of a fully-differential Miller-compensated two-stage operational amplifier for a new set of specifications and two different technological processes.An erratum to this article can be found at     

The microstructure of Cu films deposited by the self-ion assisted technique

The microstructures of Cu films deposited by the self-ion assisted, partially ionized beam (PIB) deposition technique under two different accelerating potentials, 0 KeV and 6 KeV, are compared. The 6 KeV film shows a bimodal (111) fiber and (100) fiber texture with an abundance of twin boundaries and a relatively large average grain size with a typical lognormal distribution. The 0 KeV film consists of small, mostly (111) oriented grains with islands of abnormally large (100) grains. The controlling factors for the abnormal growth of the (100) grains are discussed in relation to the observed microstructures, showing that all factors necessary for abnormal (100) growth are present in the films.     

Announcement

Samples of nine different fruits grown in Oyo State of Nigeria were obtained from different market locations within Ibadan Municipality and analysed for their vitamin C content. Sweet orange was found to contain the highest amount of vitamin C ($\text{56·0}\text{mg}\text{100}\text{g}$ edible portion) whilst sweet banana variety II contained the lowest amount ($\text{9·4}\text{mg}\text{100}\text{g}$ edible portion). Lime, grapefruit, pawpaw and ‘agbalumo’ were found to contain considerable amounts of vitamin C, having 46·5, 47·0, 43·2 and $\text{48·0}\text{mg}\text{100}\text{g}$ respectively. Consumption of these fruits would thus meet the nutritional requirement for vitamin C in this part of Nigeria. It is also recommended that sweet orange, agbalumo, grapefruit, lime and pawpaw, found to contain considerable amounts of vitamin C, should be processed either at home or factory level to make them available to the people all year round.     

A STUDY OF THE PRIMARY PHASE OF FOOD FREEZE-DRYING IN VACUO

In the development of a novel freeze-drying technique in a fluidized bed at atmospheric pressure, a parallel study was undertaken using a conventional vacuum equipment. Two kinetically distinct phases were observed during freeze drying of representative Pood samples:

(1) a period during which the rate of drying was constant and (2) a second period during which the drying rate sufferedcontinual reduction. This paper focused attention on the primary drying period which corresponded with the kinetics of sublimation of pure