Cross-tolerance between inhaled cannabis and intraperitoneal injections of delta9-THC

Male and female rats were exposed to Cannabis smoke or placebo once every second day for 32 days. Following these 16 trials all animals were injected once intraperitoneally with 4 mg/kg THC. After every third inhalation trial and after the injection the rats were placed on a movement sensor for 3 min. Cannabis smoke significantly reduced activity, relative to baseline scores, during the first 10 inhalation trials but by the thirteenth exposure, tolerance was evident. When the animals were injected with THC, the male rats who had been exposed to Cannabis smoke significantly increased their activity whereas the females did not alter their activity relative to the last inhalation trial. In contrast rats of both sexes that had been exposed to placebo smoke significantly decreased their activity following the injection. This intermodal cross-tolerance is discussed in terms of the role of conditioning in the development of tolerance.     

Discovery of insect anti-juvenile hormones in plants.?2U

Two simple chromenes with anti-JH activity have been isolated and identified from the bedding plant Ageratum houstoianum. By contact and fumigation these compounds induce precocious metamorphosis and sterilization in several hemipteran species of insects. Certain holometabolous species are sterilized, forced into diapause, or both. Each of these biological actions is equivalent to removal of the corpora allata, which produce the JH's, and is reversible by treatment with exogenous JH. Thus, the action of these compounds is to stop the production or depress the titer of the JH's. To our knowledge, this is the first discovery of anti-JH, and we hope it will guide the way to the emergence of a fourth generation of safe and insect-specific pesticides.     

Amino acid and energy interrelationships in growing beef steers: II. Effects of energy intake and metabolizable lysine supply on growth

We conducted three experiments to determine the optimal metabolizable Lys:net energy ratio for growth of beef calves. The single basal diet fed contained corn (56.1%), soybean hulls (18%), cottonseed hulls (15%), animal fat (4.25%), and corn gluten meal (5.6%). In Exp. 1, 54 steers were individually fed the basal diet at 1.5, 2.25, and 3.0 times NEm requirement; rations were top-dressed with 3.4 g of rumen-stable (RS) Met and either 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 12 g of RS-Lys daily. An additional 18 steers were fed the same three levels of energy and supplemented with 125 g of blood meal per steer. In Exp. 2, 68 crossbred steers were subjected to the same experimental protocol, with the exception that only the two highest levels of energy were used. Of these steers, 48 were fed individually and received the RS-Lys treatments; the remaining 20 steers received 125 g of blood meal per steer. No interaction (P > .10) was detected between level of supplemental Lys and energy intake in Exp. 1 or 2. Supplementation with RS-Lys improved (P < .01) ADG in Exp. 1, but it had no effect (P > .10) on growth in Exp. 2. The Lys requirement estimates were 44.3 and 51.3 g/d, corresponding to maximal growth rates of 1.21 and 1.64 kg/d for the 2.25 and 3.0 times maintenance treatments, respectively. Comparing the growth rates of steers fed supplemental Lys with those of steers fed blood meal in Exp. 1 and 2 revealed an ADG advantage (P < .03) with blood meal supplementation. To confirm the blood meal response, Exp. 3 used 75 crossbred steers fed the basal diet at 3.0 times NEm requirement plus either 3.4 g RS-Met, 3.4 g RS-Met and 12 g RS-Lys, or 125 g of blood meal per steer. Blood meal supplementation improved (P < .01) growth of steers over those fed supplemental Met or Met plus Lys. Although a distinct relationship between amino acid requirements and energy supply may exist, Lys and Met were not first-limiting in these experiments, or selective supplementation with undegradable protein may have provided some factor that enhanced performance beyond that detected with Lys and Met alone.