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201.
In order to investigate the mechanisms underlying periodic breathing (PB), we studied the initiation of breathing after passive hyperventilation in 14 anaesthetised 10-20 day old lambs. Eight of the lambs exhibited PB following post-hyperventilation apnea (PHA), with an epoch duration of 82.4 +/- 14.2 sec (mean +/- SEM), a cycle duration of 9.7 +/- 0.7 sec and a ratio of ventilatory duration to apnea duration (V-A ratio) of 1.24 +/- 0.32. The remaining lambs showed stable breathing patterns following PHA. The ventilatory response to isocapnic hypoxia was significantly greater in the group that had PB (-7.2 +/- 1.0 ml min-1% Sao2-1 kg-1) than in the animals that did not (-2.5 +/- 1.0 ml min-1%Sao2-1 kg-1). Using experimentally determined ventilatory response curves to O2 and CO2 we calculated that the swings in Sao2 and Paco2 during PB generated chemical drive that accounted for only 16.2% of the ventilatory oscillations observed during PB. Much of the remaining drive appeared to originate in the 'switch-on' characteristics of the respiratory controller, in lambs that exhibited periodic breathing, when breathing began after PHA ventilation jumped abruptly from zero to 55.1% of the eupneic ventilation. The magnitude of this jump in ventilation accounted for 51.9% of the amplitude of ventilatory oscillations that occur during PB. We speculate that this previously unrecognised feature of the respiratory controller, together with an elevated sensitivity to hypoxaemia, play crucial roles in generating PB in the infant.  相似文献   
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The beta subunits of voltage-dependent calcium channels, exert marked regulatory effects on the biophysical and pharmacological properties of this diverse group of ion channels. However, little is known about the comparative neuronal expression of the four classes of beta genes in the CNS. In the current investigation we have closely mapped the distribution of beta1, beta2, beta3 and beta4 subunits in the human cerebellum by both in situ messenger RNA hybridization and protein immunohistochemistry. To our knowledge, these studies represent the first experiments in any species in which the detailed localization of each beta protein has been comparatively mapped in a neuroanatomically-based investigation. The data indicate that all four classes of beta subunits are found in the cerebellum and suggest that in certain neuronal populations they may each be expressed within the same cell. Novel immunohistochemical results further exemplify that the beta voltage-dependent calcium channel subunits are regionally distributed in a highly specific manner and studies of Purkinje cells indicate that this may occur at the subcellular level. Preliminary indication of the subunit composition of certain native voltage-dependent calcium channels is suggested by the observation that the distribution of the beta3 subunit in the cerebellar cortex is identical to that of alpha(1E). Our cumulative data are consistent with the emerging view that different native alpha1/beta subunit associations occur in the CNS.  相似文献   
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Nutrition in the fetus and the premature infant is a rapidly changing field, not solely due to the acquisition of new knowledge but also because there have been major conceptual advances that have altered our approach to nutrition during early stages of development. This special report will highlight some of these conceptual advances in this area.  相似文献   
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Intermittent claudication is an indicator of increased risk of cardiac and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality and as such a reason to look for modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis. A vascular anamnesis and physical examination can reliably exclude presence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease in the lower extremities, but cannot reliably demonstrate its presence. Certainty about presence or absence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease can be obtained by determination of an ankle-brachial blood pressure index. The main method for the diagnosis of severity and localisation of stenoses and occlusions in the arteries to the legs is the echo-Doppler (duplex) examination. With this method the feasibility of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) can also be determined. Consequently, angiography has lost importance as a diagnostic method and is only still indicated as part of an interventional treatment (operation or PTA). Treatment should be aimed at both amelioration of symptoms and reduction of risk factors for atherosclerosis. A key-stone of the treatment is cessation of smoking. The role of pharmacotherapy in reducing symptomatology is only limited. Walking exercise can have a positive effect on walking distance and should always be tried. PTA is the treatment modality of first choice for stenoses in the aortoiliac and femoropopliteal arteries. For segmental occlusions in the iliac pathway, also recanalisation by means of PTA (in combination with stent placement) is a justifiable treatment option. In all other cases operative revascularisations give good functional results. Invasive treatments for patients with intermittent claudication should be performed within a multidisciplinary team.  相似文献   
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STUDY DESIGN: Electromyographic profiles from the neck muscles of five young, healthy men were obtained to study the muscular, activation patterns during dynamic external loading. OBJECTIVES: To examine the myoelectric activity of selected cervical muscles during dynamic loading, and to explore the reaction of the cervical muscles to different loading conditions. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The response of cervical muscles throughout dynamic external loading is not well understood. Electromyography provides information, within certain limitations, about the neural drive to various components of the musculature. Such information on activation, combined with geometric parameters of the musculoskeletal tissues, constitutes a tool for helping to understand the mechanism of head and neck impact-related injury. METHODS: Subjects were tested with the head and neck in the neutral and prebent positions. Dynamic loads were applied laterally to each subject by free-falling masses to create peak dynamic loads ranging from about 40 to 100 N. Force and electromyographic data were recorded, and cross-correlations from linear envelope electromyography were calculated. RESULTS: The peak electromyogram showed large differences between the two applied loads and between subjects. There were time delays (75-165 msec) between the peak applied force and the peak electromyogram. The muscles on the contralateral side demonstrated different electromyographic profiles between subjects. Within subjects, the electromyographic profiles from each muscle were consistent for the same trial conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Electromyographic profiles and the cross-correlator coefficients for cervical muscles have shown reproducible intrasubject muscle synergies, which were not sensitive to the magnitude of applied load and the posture of the head. Intersubject muscle activity patterns varied.  相似文献   
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Until recently our understanding of spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsioses in southern Africa was based on research carried out in the 1930s and 1940s. In the last decade there have been considerable advances in the techniques available to study rickettsias and the application of these in southern Africa has greatly increased our knowledge of the organisms in the region and the epidemiology of diseases they cause. In this review we describe the new advances used to study rickettsias and the current data available on SFG rickettsioses in the region.  相似文献   
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