Equilibrium distribution of water in the two-phase system supercritical carbon dioxide–textile

When natural fibres are dyed in supercritical carbon dioxide, the addition of a small amount of water increases coloration. For a process design it is important to know how much water has to be added to obtain a desired humidity of both textile and carbon dioxide. In this work a thermodynamic model is proposed to calculate the distribution of water over the textile phase and the supercritical phase as a function of pressure and temperature. The phase equilibrium is described with Raoult's law for non-ideal fluids. The absorbed water in the textile is a condensed phase and is modelled here as a non-ideal liquid, using the NRTL-equation. The non-ideality of the supercritical phase is described by a solubility enhancement factor, a new equation derived from statistical thermodynamics. Although the model is applied to cotton, viscose, silk and wool, it can be used for all water absorbing textiles.     

Capillary electrophoresis of carbohydrates

Capillary electrophoresis has emerged as a highly promising technique for the analysis of mono- and oligosaccharides. The approaches developed for overcoming the lack of chromophoric and fluorophoric functions in most carbohydrates involve the use of indirect photometric detection, amperometry, mass spectrometry, and precolumn derivatization with various tags. The merits and drawbacks of the derivatizing agents, including 2-aminopyridine, 4-amino-benzoic acid and its analogues, which for the first time permitted the reproducible determination of aldoses, uronic acids and even ketoses in the low femtomole range by means of readily available UV detection, and other agents such as 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulphonic acid, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone and 3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)-2-quinoline-carboxaldehyde, are discussed in detail. Means to secure electromigration of the usually neutral carbohydrates are: (i) ionization of hydroxyl groups at high pH; (ii) complexation of vicinal or alternate hydroxyl groups with borate or other charged compounds such as alkaline earth metal ions; (iii) derivatization with a reagent possessing ionizable functions; and (iv) partitioning into a pseudostationary phase such as sodium dodecyl sulphate micelles. Each alternative has its own analytical rewards, and combinations of the above mechanisms allow the two-dimensional and perhaps even three-dimensional mapping of oligosaccharides. Pyridylaminated oligosaccharides, for instance, have been separated both according to size by exploiting differences in the charge-to-mass ratio, with the charge being identical for each oligomer under acidic conditions due to protonation of the imino group incorporated by precolumn derivatization, as well as on the basis of structural differences, as a consequence of differences in the ease of borate complexation of the peripheral monosaccharide residues. It is also shown that the 4-aminobenzonitrile derivatives of mono- and disaccharides can be separated by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with a resolving power superior to that achieved by capillary zone electrophoresis of sugar-borate complexes. Based on the progress made, it can be concluded that capillary electrophoresis represents a powerful alternative and complement to existing methodology in the area of carbohydrate analysis.     

IR在胎面胶中的应用

具有高含量3，4-结构的IR能特别有效地提高高性能轮胎的湿抓着力。因此，可以通过调整炭黑和BR用量来提高轮胎的磨耗和滚动阻力性能，同时保持优异的湿抓着性能。     

The lipids of krill (Euphausia species) and red crab (Pleuroncodes planipes)

The composition of the lipids of two samples of krill and one of “red crab” was determined by thin layer, column and gas chromatographic procedures. A large number of unusual fatty acids were present.     

Figure-ground separation by cue integration

This letter presents an improved cue integration approach to reliably separate coherent moving objects from their background scene in video sequences. The proposed method uses a probabilistic framework to unify bottom-up and top-down cues in a parallel, "democratic" fashion. The algorithm makes use of a modified Bayes rule where each pixel's posterior probabilities of figure or ground layer assignment are derived from likelihood models of three bottom-up cues and a prior model provided by a top-down cue. Each cue is treated as independent evidence for figure-ground separation. They compete with and complement each other dynamically by adjusting relative weights from frame to frame according to cue quality measured against the overall integration. At the same time, the likelihood or prior models of individual cues adapt toward the integrated result. These mechanisms enable the system to organize under the influence of visual scene structure without manual intervention. A novel contribution here is the incorporation of a top-down cue. It improves the system's robustness and accuracy and helps handle difficult and ambiguous situations, such as abrupt lighting changes or occlusion among multiple objects. Results on various video sequences are demonstrated and discussed. (Video demos are available at http://organic.usc.edu:8376/ approximately tangx/neco/index.html .).     

Experimental tests of a novel Raman cell for vacuum ultraviolet generation to below Lyman-α

A novel-type Raman cell especially suitable for the generation of tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation with pump radiation from a frequency-doubled dye laser is described. This hydrogen-filled Raman cell permits the generation of narrow-bandwidth radiation to below 114 nm. Absolute VUV energies in the various anti-Stokes orders and measurements of pulse durations and pressure dependences are given.     

Pain threshold values during periodontal probing: assessment of maxillary incisor and molar sites

Probing pain threshold (PPT) assessments were conducted in the facial and oral sulci of maxillary central incisors and first molars of 10 periodontally healthy adults. All subjects were systemically healthy, free of pain, and reported no current medication usage. A computer-linked electronic probe, modified to deliver steadily increasing forces up to 200 grams, was used to collect the data. The system contained a subject operated "off-switch" which, upon activation, signaled the computer to record the subject's PPT. Assessments of each subject's PPTs were conducted on 3 separate occasions at 7-day intervals. Results indicated that the facial sulci of the incisors were the most pain sensitive. They displayed a mean PPT of 50.9 +/- 26.6 grams. The oral sulci of the incisors exhibited a mean PPT of 76.5 +/- 45.2 grams. Facial and oral sulci of the molars evidenced mean PPT values of 102.6 +/- 52.1 grams and 113.5 +/- 51.3 grams, respectively. These data suggest that sulci associated with incisor teeth are nearly twice as pain sensitive as sulci associated with molar teeth. In addition, facial sulci are significantly more pain sensitive than oral sulci. Data did not indicate a visit effect nor a side-of-mouth effect on PPT values.