Similarity, interactive activation, and mapping.

The question of "What makes things seem similar?" is important both for the pivotal role of similarity in theories of cognition and for an intrinsic interest in how people make comparisons. Similarity frequently involves more than listing the features of the things to be compared and comparing the lists for overlap. Often, the parts of one thing must be aligned or placed in correspondence with the parts of the other. The quantitative model with the best overall fit to human data assumes an interactive activation process whereby correspondences between the parts of compared things mutually and concurrently influence each other. An essential aspect of this model is that matching and mismatching features influence similarity more if they belong to parts that are placed in correspondence. In turn, parts are placed in correspondence if they have many features in common and if they are consistent with other developing correspondences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Relevance of Early Lacan for Psychoanalytic Phenomenology and Contextualism: Preliminary Communication.

In this article, the author attempts to show that Lacan's early writings are relevant to the author's own psychoanalytic perspective by virtue of Lacan's view of the psychoanalytic method and process as phenomenological, hermeneutic, and dialogic. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

抽象工具排解系统设计复杂性

复杂性是相对的.如果您无法在特定环境内描绘问题的特性并了解问题,那么复杂性就会使您无法解决问题.同时,复杂性为你提供制造出与众不同产品的机会.     

Nutritive expectancies mediate cholecystokinin's suppression-of-intake effect.

In previous studies of cholecystokinin's (CCK's) effect on consumption, physical features (e.g., taste, texture, and odor) of test meals were confounded with the nutritive expectancies elicited by those features. To separately assess the role of these two factors in supporting CCK's suppression-of-intake effect, we varied the caloric expectancies elicited by a flavored test solution, while holding constant its actual caloric density, as well as all other unconditioned stimulus features. On alternate days for a 12-day period, hungry rats drank grape or orange Kool-Aid (noncaloric) mixed with a caloric 5% ethanol solution; on the other days, they drank the alternate flavor mixed with plain water. In a subsequent choice test between the flavored solutions without ethanol, the ethanol-associated flavor (Ef) was preferred over the water-associated flavor (Wf). Two days later, the rats were injected with either cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8; ip, 2 μg/kg) or isotonic saline, and then given access to their Ef or their Wf for 1 hr. Consumption of the Ef was supressed by CCK-8; intake of the Wf was unaffected. These results suggest that CCK-8's effectiveness in suppressing intake of a test meal may be treated not to the unconditioned stimulus features of that meal but to the nutritive expectations elicited by those features. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Assessment of the Rescorla-Wagner model.

The Rescorla-Wagner model has been the most influential theory of associative learning to emerge from the study of animal behavior over the last 25 years. Recently, equivalence to this model has become a benchmark in assessing connectionist models, with such equivalence often achieved by incorporating the Widrow-Hoff delta rule. This article presents the Rescorla-Wagner model's basic assumptions, reviews some of the model's predictive successes and failures, relates the failures to the model's assumptions, and discusses the model's heuristic value. It is concluded that the model has had a positive influence on the study of simple associative learning by stimulating research and contributing to new model development. However, this benefit should neither lead to the model being regarded as inherently "correct" nor imply that its predictions can be profitably used to assess other models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Numerical methods for colorimetric calculations: Sampling density requirements

This article quantifies errors arising from various integration methods and from sampling density in the numerical estimation of colorimetric integrals, e.g., tristimulus values. Both data sampling density and various numerical integration method errors will be distinguished. A test is presented to quantify sampling interval requirements for accurate colorimetric calculations for various illuminants. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

High temperature thermodynamics of the Cr-Cr2N-N2 system

The high-temperature thermodynamic behavior of the Cr-Cr₂N-N₂ system has been investigated in the temperature range 1450 to 1850 K by measuring the equilibrium pressure of nitrogen gas over pure chromium metal and chromium nitride Cr₂N. From the experimental data, the standard free energy and enthalpy of formation of Cr₂N have been determined to be: ΔH° = −104. ± 10 (KJ. mol⁻¹ Cr₂N) ΔG° = −104. + 0.04987 ± 3.8 (KJ. mol⁻¹ Cr₂N)