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951.
Low-Thermal-Conductivity Rare-Earth Zirconates for Potential Thermal-Barrier-Coating Applications 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Jie Wu Xuezheng Wei Nitin P. Padture Paul G. Klemens Maurice Gell Eugenio García Pilar Miranzo Maria I. Osendi 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2002,85(12):3031-3035
Rare-earth zirconates have been identified as a class of low-thermal-conductivity ceramics for possible use in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) for gas-turbine engine applications. To document and compare the thermal conductivities of important rare-earth zirconates, we have measured the thermal conductivities of the following hot-pressed ceramics: (i) Gd2 Zr2 O7 (pyrochlore phase), (ii) Gd2 Zr2 O7 (fluorite phase), (iii) Gd2.58 Zr1.57 O7 (fluorite phase), (iv) Nd2 Zr2 O7 (pyrochlore phase), and (v) Sm2 Zr2 O7 (pyrochlore phase). We have also measured the thermal conductivity of pressureless-sintered 7 wt% yttria-stabilized zirconia (7YSZ)—the commonly used composition in current TBCs. All rare-earth zirconates investigated here showed nearly identical thermal conductivities, all of which were ∼30% lower than the thermal conductivity of 7YSZ in the temperature range 25°–700°C. This finding is discussed qualitatively with reference to thermal-conductivity theory. 相似文献
952.
Amy?Richards Chakra?WijesunderaEmail author Phil?Salisbury 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2005,82(12):869-874
Lipid oxidation is a major factor affecting flavor quality and shelf life of vegetable oils. Oxidative stability is therefore
an important criterion by which oils are judged for usefulness in various food applications. In this study a method based
on headspace analysis was developed to evaluate relative oxidative stability of canola oils. The method does not require the
use of chemicals, involves minimal sample preparation, and can be performed on a relatively small sample size in comparison
with traditional wet chemical methods. Canola oils freshly extracted in the laboratory from different seed samples were subjected
to accelerated oxidation and analyzed for PV by standard methods and headspace volatiles by solid phase microextraction/GC-MS.
Forward stepwise regression analysis of the data revealed a relationship between PV and headspace concentration of the volatile
lipid oxidation products hexanal and trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal. The PV calculated using this formula correlated (R
2=0.73) with those measured by conventional methods.
Presented in part at the 96th Annual Meeting of the AOCS, 1–4 May 2005, Salt Lake City, UT. 相似文献
953.
Pellets containing metronidazole were produced in a centrifugal granulator, with hydroxypropylcellulose (Klucel LF®) as binding agent, and corn starch, microcrystalline cellulose (Vivapur 101®) and lactose as excipients. The wettability of the pharmaceutical powders was assessed by means of contact angle measurements, and the dispersive and polar surface energies were determined. The spreading coefficients, the work of adhesion and the work of cohesion were calculated and correlated with the pellet properties (friability, bulk and tapped density, and porosity). The aim was to investigate the role of the surface free energy of one- and two-component powder compositions in pellet production. The interactions between the particles were found to be connected with the measured pellet parameters. It was concluded that, in the course of the growth of the pellets, the particle sizes of the pharmaceutical powders and the interactions between them are important. If the work of cohesion of the binder is lower than the work of cohesion of the substrate and the work of adhesion, then the optimal amount of the binding agent is that which coats the particles uniformly in minimal quantity and in continuous layer. 相似文献
954.
The effect of dietary n−3 FA deficiency on bone tissue FA composition was evaluated in growing rats. Two mixtures combining
hydrogenated coconut oil with safflower oil served as the n−3-deficient dietary treatments and provided two levels of linoleic
acid (LA). The n−3 treatments were formulated with added α-linolenic acid (LNA) from flaxseed oil (diet LNA) or LNA plus DHA,
and both were balanced for LA. This study showed that bone is sensitive to changes in dietary n−3 FA and that DHA is more
effective than LNA in maintaining DHA levels in these tissues. 相似文献
955.
An efficient method to monitor changes in soil inorganic N content during crop growth would be a useful means to guide N fertilization
to ensure high yields and low N losses to the environment. In this study, soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) measured by the widely used conductivity meter EM38 was tested as an indirect measurement of available N in spring barley
during two cropping seasons at two sites with morainic loam in SE Norway. The experiment was constructed to maximize soil
variation. In spite of the ȁ8noiseȁ9 caused by the soil heterogeneity, concentrations of inorganic N (cNinorg) or NO3-N were most strongly correlated with ECa in both years and at both locations (with one exception). The measurements of ECa reflected well the temporal variation in inorganic N content (Ninorg), and a ranking of the treatments based on ECa fitted very well with a ranking based on Ninorg at the first three sampling times after fertilizing. The best subset of sensor variables (i.e. variables which can be measured
ȁ8on-the-goȁ9 by sensor techniques in the field) described 27–69% (average 47%) of the variation in topsoil cNinorg. When expanding the regression models to include pH as well, the degree of explanation increased significantly. In conclusion,
the method of using ECa appears to be quite robust in terms of detecting relative differences in cNinorg, whereas a determination of absolute levels of cNinorg with the method is unreliable. 相似文献
956.
Elizabeth?Gutierrez Tong?WangEmail author 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2004,81(10):971-977
Soybeans are believed to be a rich source of sphingolipids, a class of polar lipids that has received attention for their
possible cancer-inhibiting activities. The effect of processing on the sphingolipid content of various soybean products has
not been determined. Glucosylceramide (GlcCer), the major sphingolipid type in soybeans, was measured in several processed
soybean products to illustrate which product(s) GlcCer is partitioned into during processing and where it is lost. Whole soybeans
were processed into full-fat flakes, from which crude oil was extracted. Crude oil was refined by conventional methods, and
defatted soy flakes were further processed into alcohol-washed and acid-washed soy protein concentrates (SPC) and soy protein
isolates (SPI) by laboratory-scale methods that simulated industrial practices. GlcCer was isolated from the samples by solvent
extraction, solvent partition, and TLC and was quantified by HPLC. GlcCer remained mostly within the defatted soy flakes (91%)
rather than in the oil (9%) after oil extraction. Only 52, 42, and 26% of GlcCer from defatted soy flakes was recovered in
the acid-washed SPC, alcohol-washed SPC, and SPI products, respectively. All protein products had a similar GlcCer concentration
of about 281 nmol/g (dry wt basis). The minor quantity of GlcCer in the crude oil was almost completely removed by water degumming. 相似文献
957.
James?A.?KenarEmail author Gerhard?Knothe Robert?O.?Dunn Thomas?W.?RyanIII Andrew?Matheaus 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2005,82(3):201-205
Carbonates are a class of compounds that have recently found increasing interest in commercial applications owing to their
physical properties and relatively straightforward synthesis. In this work, physical and fuel properties of five straight-chain
C17–39 and three branched C17–33 oleochemical carbonates were investigated. These properties included cetane number (CN), low-temperature properties, (kinematic)
viscosity, lubricity, and surface tension. The carbonates studied had CN ranging from 47 to 107 depending on carbon chain
length and branching. For the same number of carbons, the CN of carbonates were lower than those of FA alkyl esters owing
to interruption of the CH2 chain by the carbonate moiety. Kinematic viscosities at 40°C ranged from 4.9 to 22.6 mm2/s whereas m.p. ranged from +3 to below −50°C depending on the carbonate structure. High-frequency reciprocating rig testing
showed the neat carbonates to have acceptable lubricity that improved as chain length increased. Finally, the carbonate's
ability to influence cold-flow properties in biodiesel (methyl soyate) and lubricity in low-lubricity ultra-low sulfur diesel
were examined. The carbonates studied did not significantly affect cold flow or lubricity properties at concentrations up
to 10,000 ppm (1 wt%). The properties of the carbonates resemble those of fatty alkyl esters with similar trends resulting
from compound structure. 相似文献
958.
Defatted field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) seedmeal was found to completely inhibit seedling germination/emergence when added to a sandy loam soil containing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and arugula [Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill.) Thell.] seeds at levels of 1.0% w/w or higher. Covering the pots with Petri dishes containing the soil-seedmeal mixture decreased germination of both species at the lowest application rate (0.5% w/w), suggesting that the some of the phytotoxins were volatile. CH2Cl2, MeOH, and water extracts of the wetted seedmeal were bioassayed against wheat and sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby) radicle elongation. Only the CH2Cl2 extract was strongly inhibitory to both species. Fractionation of the CH2Cl2 extract yielded two major phytotoxins, identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and NMR as 2-propen-1-yl (allyl) isothiocyanate (AITC) and allyl thiocyanate (ATC), which constituted 80.9 and 18.8%, respectively, of the active fraction. When seeds of wheat, arugula and sicklepod were exposed to volatilized AITC and ATC, germination of all three species was completely inhibited by both compounds at concentrations of 5 ppm or less. In field studies, where seedmeal was applied at 0.50, 1.25, and 2.50 kg/m2 and tarped with black plastic mulch, all of the treatments significantly reduced dry weight of bioassay plants compared to the tarped control, with the highest seedmeal rate decreasing dry matter to less than 10% of the control 30 d after seedmeal application. Field pennycress seedmeal appears to offer excellent potential as a biofumigant for high-value horticultural crops for both conventional and organic growers.Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable. 相似文献
959.
Petar R. Dvornic Milutin N. Govedarica Jelena D. Jovanović Vesna V. Gerov Mališa P. Antić 《Polymer Bulletin》1995,35(5):539-545
Summary A new general procedure for preparation of functionalized oligopolysiloxanes of predetermined molecular weight is described. It utilizes heterogeneously catalyzed siloxane equilibration polymerization reactions which do not require troublesome and sometimes difficult post-preparative work-up procedures usually encountered with the well known homogeneously catalyzed corresponding reactions. The method is described using as example the preparation of , -telechelic vinyldimethylsiloxy-oligopolydimethylsiloxanes from octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and 1,3-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane, but reference to the preparations of trimethylsiloxy-, dimethylsiloxy-and carboxypropyldimethylsiloxyoligopolydimethylsiloxanes, oligopolymethylhydridosiloxanes or their copolymers is also made. 相似文献
960.
Janaina Braga do?CarmoEmail author Christopher?Neill Diana?C.?Garcia-Montiel Marisa?de Cássia Piccolo Carlos?C.?Cerri Paul?A.?Steudler Cristiano Alberto?de Andrade Caio?C.?Passianoto Brigitte?J.?Feigl Jerry?M.?Melillo 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2005,71(3):213-225
The clearing of tropical rain forest in the Amazon basin has created large areas of cattle pasture that are now declining in productivity. Practices adopted by ranchers to restore productivity to degraded pastures have the potential to alter soil N availability and gaseous N losses from soils. We examined how soil inorganic N pools, net N mineralization and net nitrification rates, nitrification potential and NO and N2O emissions from soils of a degraded pasture responded to the following restoration treatments: (1) soil tillage followed by replanting of grass and fertilization, (2) no-till application of non-selective herbicide, planting of rice, harvest followed by no-till replanting of grass and fertilization, and (3) the same no-till sequence with soybeans instead of rice. Tillage increased soil NH4+ and NO3? pools but NH4+ and NO3? pools remained relatively constant in the control and no-till treatments. Cumulative rates of net N mineralization and net nitrification during the first 6 months after treatment varied widely but were hightest in the tilled treatment. Emissions of NO and N2O fluxes increased with tillage and with N fertilization. There were no clear relationships among rates of N fertilizer application, net N mineralization, net nitrification, NO, N2O and total N oxide emissions. Our results indicate that pasture restoration sequences involving tilling and fertilizing will increase emissions of N oxides, but the magnitude of the increase is likely to differ based on timing of fertilizer application relative to the presence of plants and the magnitude of plant N demand. Emissions of N oxides appear to be decreased by the use of restoration sequences that minimize reductions in pasture grass cover. 相似文献