Automatic reconstruction of as-built building information models from laser-scanned point clouds: A review of related techniques

Building information models (BIMs) are maturing as a new paradigm for storing and exchanging knowledge about a facility. BIMs constructed from a CAD model do not generally capture details of a facility as it was actually built. Laser scanners can be used to capture dense 3D measurements of a facility's as-built condition and the resulting point cloud can be manually processed to create an as-built BIM — a time-consuming, subjective, and error-prone process that could benefit significantly from automation. This article surveys techniques developed in civil engineering and computer science that can be utilized to automate the process of creating as-built BIMs. We sub-divide the overall process into three core operations: geometric modeling, object recognition, and object relationship modeling. We survey the state-of-the-art methods for each operation and discuss their potential application to automated as-built BIM creation. We also outline the main methods used by these algorithms for representing knowledge about shape, identity, and relationships. In addition, we formalize the possible variations of the overall as-built BIM creation problem and outline performance evaluation measures for comparing as-built BIM creation algorithms and tracking progress of the field. Finally, we identify and discuss technology gaps that need to be addressed in future research.     

构架三种常用疲劳强度校核方法对比研究

对比分析转向架构架三种常用疲劳强度校核方法的差异。分别采用铁路标准中规定的载荷谱、多刚体系统动力学仿真(Multiple rigid body system dynamic simulation,MRBSDS)技术获取的载荷谱和线路动应力测试应力谱等三种方法对某型地铁拖车转向架构架进行疲劳强度校核。通过准静态叠加法将载荷谱转换为应力谱,准静态叠加法中给出应力响应因子(Stress response factor,SRF)的定义,方便载荷谱和应力谱之间的转换。对比方法是将三种方法获取的应力谱线性外推至100万km进行疲劳等效应力计算。计算结果表明,与线路试验相比,利用标准中规定的载荷谱进行疲劳强度校核略偏保守,MRBSDS方法获取的载荷谱无法准确预测疲劳寿命。应力谱频域分析发现,MRBSDS方法计算疲劳载荷谱应朝采用真实且含有高频信号的线路谱和刚柔耦合模型方向发展。     

基于拉格朗日描述的罐车内液体晃动模拟

基于拉格朗日描述的柔性多体系统动力学理论,采用绝对节点坐标有限元方法描述液体大变形运动,开展铁路液罐车内液体晃动模拟研究.本方法能够模拟液体自由表面的连续性变化,并适用于研究具有复杂外形容器的内部液体晃动问题.基于流体力学牛顿体基础理论,推导液体粘性方程和满足体积不可压缩的条件方程;采用基于绝对节点坐标方法描述的实体单元进行液体网格划分;采用罚函数方法描述液体与罐体之间的接触关系,组建液体-罐体耦合多体系统动力学方程.仿真计算液罐车内液体的横向和纵向晃动行为,发现液体自由表面形状呈非线性变化,不同断面处的高度和形状不同.     

基于电力线载波通信的城市灯饰控制系统

介绍了城市灯饰控制系统的组成、工作原理和关键技术。基于无线接力和电力栽波通信技术的城市灯饰控制系统,通过对监控中心监控软件系统的操作,可实现城市灯饰的智能管理控制。电力线载波通信模块设计中采用意法半导体（ST）设计生产的新型电力线收发芯片ST7540,较好地解决了低压电力线载波传输中的干扰问题,稳定的试验数据和成功的小范围适用,表明本系统具有良好的应用前景。     

Synthesis and evaluation of epoxidized vegetable oleic acid as a novel environmental benign plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride

A bio-based plasticizers, acetyl-oleate triethylene glycol (AOT), was successfully synthesized by using oleic acid as a raw material through esterification, epoxidation, and acetylation. Its structure was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance. The plasticizing performances of this plasticizer was compared with those of two commercial ones: dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP) and dioctyl adipate (DOA). This was done by blending these plasticizers with PVC, respectively. Thermal gravimetric analysis results showed that the 5% weight loss temperature of PVC with AOT was 53°C higher than that of DOA and 36°C higher than that of DOTP. The tensile results showed that the AOT plasticized PVC had excellent stretchability: its elongation at break with 50 phr AOT reached 697.7%. Furthermore, its transmittance was as high as 90%, showing better compatibility of ATO with PVC.     

多水源大型净水厂不征地扩建工程设计

近年来,苏州市北部地区产业经济迅速增长,供水矛盾凸显,相城水厂亟待扩建.由于一期相城水厂规划时,现状厂区北侧拟征用地在短期内无法完成征地手续,为早日缓解供水矛盾,充分利用厂区预留可建设用地,采取部分预留、分期建设的思路,调整了净水构筑物平面布置,在有限的场地条件下完成二期20万m3/d的常规和深度处理净水厂扩建工程,并...     

PdCl_2/Cu-HMS催化乙醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二乙酯

制备了含Cu的介孔杂原子分子筛Cu-HM S和PdC l2/Cu-HM S催化剂,考察了其催化乙醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二乙酯(DEC)的反应性能。通过X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱、红外光谱的表征表明,Cu离子以高度分散的状态进入HM S分子筛骨架,并保持了良好的介孔结构的有序性,同时PdC l2的负载在一定程度上提高了Cu-HM S分子筛的介孔规整度。通过催化剂活性的考察发现,载体表面的Pd与骨架中Cu之间的协同作用有利于该反应体系活性中心的形成,PdC l2/Cu-HM S催化剂表现出较佳的活性,DEC选择性达100.0%、乙醇转化率为5.1%、DEC时空收率达到110.50g/(L.h)。助剂的加入在不同程度上提高了PdC l2/Cu-HM S催化剂的活性,其中四乙基溴化胺(TEAB)的效果最佳,TEAB的最佳负载量为n(TEAB)∶n(Pd)=12∶1,产物DEC的时空收率达到187.93g/(L.h)。     

α-磷酸锆@磺酸基固体酸催化剂的表征及其催化酯化反应的研究

以层状结构的α-磷酸锆为载体,用四正丁基氢氧化铵对其剥离改性,再连接上γ-巯丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH-580),通过氧化和酸化两步,制备出一种新型的固体酸催化剂α-磷酸锆@磺酸基。通过XRD、SEM、BET、TGA、FT-IR等手段对该催化剂进行表征。结果表明:制备的催化剂比表面积增大,结晶度降低,酸强为2. 43 mmol/g; FT-IR表征显示—SO_3H的存在,证明α-磷酸锆被成功磺化。将该催化剂应用于月桂酸与甲醇的催化酯化反应中,对反应条件进行优化,发现在反应温度90℃、反应时间5 h、酸醇摩尔比1∶30、催化剂用量3%(以月桂酸质量计)时,酯化率达到97%以上。该催化剂使用3次后,仍然保持着较高的催化活性,酯化率为87. 48%。     

Finite element model updating using crow search algorithm with Levy flight

The accuracy of the finite element model is essential for fatigue analysis and vibration of a flexible body. This paper presents a finite element model updating (FEMU) algorithm based on crows search algorithm incorporated with Levy flight (LFCSA). The proposed algorithm is tested on the updating of two different cases: a simple structure (beam) and a complex structure (gearbox housing). To verify the performance of LFCSA, two optimization algorithm, which is the standard CSA and the particle swarm optimization algorithm with Levy flight (LFPSO), are applied to FEMU of the simple beam. The result of the comparison shows that the LFCSA has sufficient convergence speed and global search ability in the implementation of FEMU. In the case of gearbox housing, the error of frequencies and mode shapes are analyzed to indicate that the LFCSA gives a satisfactory result in a complex structure.     

确定肿瘤基因表达谱特征基因方法的研究

分析了目前基因表达谱提取特征基因所采用的方法,提出了Fisher权函数和主成份分析结合离散余弦变换的混合特征基因提取方法,以多元Logistic回归分析作为分类器进行肿瘤分类检测。该方法具有以下特点：根据基因表达数据维数高样本量小的特点,使用Fisher权函数对数据进行预处理,简单有效地得到特征基因候选集;利用离散余弦变换（Discrete Cosine Transform,DCT）的能量压缩特性,提高特征基因主成份的显现效果,有效提取特征基因信息。实验结果表明,该方法对结肠癌数据集的CV识别准确率高达95.20%.