Child effects in studies using experimental or brief longitudinal approaches to socialization.

Analyzes 14 studies relevant to the 1st author's (see record 1971-07958-001) control system model of how parents and children regulate each other through upper limit (reducing, redirecting) or lower limit (priming, stimulating) controls. Predictions from the control theory concerning reactions of parents or adults to child characteristics were confirmed, and a coherent pattern of results emerged from studies of independence–dependence, activity–hyperactivity, and person orientation. For example, child independence elicited nondirective adult behavior, whereas instrumental dependence elicited directive, lower limit controls. This research also examined the relation of person orientation to moral development and parental attitudes. To produce child effects, the investigators in these studies primarily used 4 new research approaches that isolate effects of participants—the contrived participant, altered behavior, altered perception, and sample selection approaches. (44 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cerenkov configuration second harmonic generation inproton-exchanged lithium niobate guides

A theoretical and experimental study of second-harmonic generation using the Cerenkov configuration with proton-exchanged lithium niobate guides is presented. The analytic solution of the problem for the case of planar step-index guides makes it possible to identify the essential role played by the discontinuity of the nonlinear polarization at the guide-substrate interface. This leads to the prediction of an increasing conversion efficiency for decreasing values of guide nonlinearity. It is shown that the experimental results are consistent with a reduction of 50 to 70% of the value of the nonlinear coefficient in unannealed waveguides fabricated in slightly diluted or pure benzoic acid. The results presented permit the optimization of guide design for efficient second-harmonic generation in the Cerenkov configuration     

Lethality calculation for thermal processes with different heating and cooling rates

In many thermal processes, the time constants f_h and f_c for the heating and cooling periods differ. This can cause difficulties in calculating the process lethality. This paper presents a simple method for taking into account this change in the time constant. The author's formula method is tested against simulated data from finite-difference computations, both for f_h=f_c and for f_h≠f_c , and found to be at least as accurate as the best previous formula method.     

Cathodoluminescence study of crystalline quality of (Al, In, Ga)N heterostructures

Wurtzite InGaN/GaN and AlGaN/GaN heterostructures grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy were studied using cathodoluminescence (CL) combined with secondary electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The surface morphology of samples containing InGaN layers is dominated by three types of defects: mesa-like hexagonal structures, hexagonal pyramids and micropipes. At the positions of pyramids the whole epilayer is thicker than at defect free positions, while at the positions of micropipes the whole epilayer is much thinner. The luminescence efficiency as well as the emission wavelength are influenced by these defects. In SL structures an increasing SL period thickness in the growth direction was observed. Panchromatic CL images show intensity inhomogeneity in both InGaN/GaN and AlGaN/GaN heterostructure, which are related to local variations of the interface quality. In AlGaN/GaN SQW structures a broad deep-level luminescence band at around 543 nm was observed, which is generally absent in InGaN/GaN heterostructures. This deep-level emission is strongly enhanced in defect positions.     

Soy Protein Fortification Affects Sensory, Chemical, and Microbiological Properties of Dairy Yogurts

ABSTRACT: Chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties for low fat yogurts fortified with 0,1, 2.5, or 5% soy protein concentrate were determined through 1 mo storage at 5 °C. Yogurts were adjusted to equivalent total solids with nonfat dried milk. Microbiological counts, fermentation time, and final developed acidity were not affected by soy protein. Instrumental viscosity and sensory thickness, soy aroma, and soy flavor increased with soy protein addition (P 0.05). Soy flavor and aroma did not increase with storage time. Yogurt with 5% soy protein was darker, more chalky, and less sweet compared to control yogurt or yogurts with lower concentrations of soy protein (P 0.05). Yogurts with 1 or 2.5% soy protein were most similar to control yogurt.     

Susceptibility Maximum of Niobium Metal

At low temperatures the phenomenon of susceptibility maximum is universally observed in all paramagnetic 3d, 4d, and 5d metals except for niobium. We measured the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of niobium metal in various small magnetic fields very precisely by using a SQUID magnetometer. In niobium metal we have to consider the diamagnetic susceptibility due to superconducting fluctuations. We found that the susceptibility maximum was always observed when the applied field was lower than about 150 Oe. These results are consistent with Misawa's Fermi liquid theory.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of ZrO2-2 mol% Y2O3 ceramics

The microstructure and mechanical properties of ZrO₂-2 mol% Y₂O₃ ceramics were studied on samples prepared by cold isostatic pressing and pressureless sintering. It was shown that the density of the alloy increases with increasing sintering temperature. The Vickers hardness decreases with the appearance of the monoclinic phase and increasing its content. Compared with the single tetragonal phase, the (t + m) dual-phase structure with microcracks has a much higher fracture toughness (16·5 MPa√m) because of a complex mechanism of toughening (transformation, microcracks and residual stresses).