Dynamic Survivability in WDM Mesh Networks Under Dynamic Traffic

Network survivability is a crucial requirement in WDM mesh networks. In this paper, we systematically consider the problem of dynamic survivability with dynamic single link failure in WDM networks under dynamic traffic demands. Specifically, we investigate various protection schemes, such as dedicated path protection (DPP), shared path protection (SPP), dedicated link protection (DLP), shared link protection (SLP), and two restoration schemes, path restoration (PR) and link restoration (LR). Moreover, two new shared protection methods are proposed, i.e., SRLG-based shared link protection (SRLG-SLP) and SRLG-based shared path protection (SRLG-SPP). The SRLG (shared risk link group) constraint defines the availability of protection resources to a working path, which requires that any two working paths sharing the same risk of failure (or in the same SRLG) cannot share the same protection resources. Furthermore, in our study, we consider a more practical dynamic single-link failure model, in which the link-failure-interarrival time and link-failure-holding time are considered as two independent parameters. Based on this link-failure model, extensive simulations are done to analyze and compare the dynamic survivable performance of various protection and restoration schemes. Resource utilization, protection efficiency, restoration efficiency, and service disruption ratio are employed as survivable performance metrics versus traffic load, link-failure frequency, and link-failure reparation time to evaluate the survivable performance. Many meaningful results are given. In addition, we show that the developed SRLG-SLP and SRLG-SPP protection schemes perform very well in terms of protection efficiency and service disruption ratio, while sacrificing some performance in terms of resource utilization.     

Pressure wave propagation in a short tunnel caused by passing trains

The aerodynamic behaviour of pressure transients in railway tunnels due to the passage of train are accompanied by the wave reflection between the entrance and exit of the tunnel as well as the tunnel wall and train surface. This study presents a numerical method using the Harten-Yee upwind TVD scheme to simulate compression wave transients and reflection in a railway tunnel. The strength of the compression wave generated by the entrance of a train into a tunnel emerged within the applied calculation procedure, without any special consideration of the boundary condition for the entrance or exit of the tunnel as well as the train nose and tail. Good agreements were obtained when the initial pressure rise at tunnel entrance and the process of pressure variations in a short tunnel, which were calculated by the presented numerical method, were compared with experimental data. The pressure wave reflection at the entrance and exit, the unsteady flow around the train and the transmitted wave at tunnel exit portal were simulated. The transmitted wave at the tunnel exit portal is also discussed. In addition a method to determine the non-reflective boundary condition for multi-dimensional Euler equation is given.     

天然气在复杂枝状管网系统内不稳定流动及其计算机模拟

应用系统分析方法,建立并求解了由干线模型、支线模型和联立模型组合成的复杂枝状管网系统的数学模型。干线模型和支线模型都是非线性偏微分方程组,在一定条件下可以线性化,然后用解析法求解联立模型是根据干线和支线的连接条件而建立起来的一个第一类Volterra型积分方程组。其解一般不具稳定性,为了获得稳定的解,采用了吉洪诺夫正则化求解法。以这些模型为基础编制的计算机模拟分析软件,刘四川气田局部管网进行了实际模拟分析,取得了满意的结果。     

石墨电极高温抗氧化技术研究现状

概述石墨电极抗氧化技术的研究现状，重点介绍选择抗氧化涂层体系的要求及涂层制备方法，包括包埋浸渗法、化学气相沉积法、等离子喷涂法及溶胶--凝胶法．展望了石墨电极材料高温抗氧化涂层研究的方向．     

应用于油气藏流体近临界区状态方程的发展及改进现状

对近临界流体的特殊性质进行了描述，并对近年来经典和非经典状态方程在近临界流体PVT相态特征模拟计算方面的发展及应用现状进行了总结，指出要找到适用于近临界流体的状态方程还有很多工作要做，需要大量的实验数据支持以及理论上的突破。同时它的发展在近临界油、气藏开发工程、注气驱油藏开发工程中具有广泛的应用前景。     

Effective sludge solubilization treatment by simultaneous use of ultrasonic and electrochemical processes.

Sludge disintegration treatment by using simultaneously ultrasonic irradiation and electrolysis was investigated experimentally. A lab-scale diaphragm cell irradiated with ultrasound at a constant oscillating frequency of 20 kHz was used as a reactor. The batch experiments were carried out under different conditions of electric outputs of the ultrasonic generator, electric current for the electrolysis and different initial SS concentrations. A simultaneous treatment in the cathodic compartment without any chemical doses considerably facilitated the sludge solubilization, compared to the sonication alone. An increase in the electric current up to 400 mA under a constant ultrasonic density decreased the specific energy by 55% within the experimental range. The specific energy consumption was also reduced when the initial SS concentration increased. In addition, before carrying out the simultaneous treatment, a brief electrolysis was effective for further reduction of the specific energy and the acceleration of soluble COD generation.     

Comparative study of the elimination of toluene vapours in twin biotrickling filters using two microorganisms Bacillus cereus S1 and S2

BACKGROUND: To investigate the microbial degradation performance of organic pollutants in the atmosphere using a biotrickling filter, two microorganism strains, Bacillus cereus S1 and Bacillus cereus S2, were selected, identified and inoculated into a twin biotrickling filter for comparison. RESULTS: Both strains showed good performance towards the degradation of model organic pollutants when gas flow rates ranged from 100 to 600 L h⁻¹. For S1, the total maximum removal efficiency (RE) of toluene was maintained nearly 100% not only at gas flow rates of 100 L h⁻¹ corresponding to empty bed residence time (EBRT) 199.44 s, but also at gas flow rates of 200 L h⁻¹ (EBRT = 99.72 s) and 300 L h⁻¹ (EBRT = 66.48 s). However, S2 had a much lower degradation capability; near 100% removal efficiency was obtained only at the gas flow rate of 100 L h⁻¹ although both bacteria belong to the same Bacillus cereus. With further increase in gas flow rate, the total REs for both S1 and S2 decreased slightly at first and then dropped sharply to 46% and 35%, respectively, at an EBRT of 33.24 s, corresponding to a gas flow rate of 600 L h⁻¹. Starvation for between 2 and 10 days resulted in the re‐acclimation times of both strains ranging between 1.0 and 15.5 h. CONCLUSION: Strain S1 would be a better choice for inoculation into a biotrickling filter than strain S2, because of its much higher toluene removal capacity and rapid recovery to full performance. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于Eigenspace的面瘫判定系统

本文将特征空间分类方法应用于面瘫图像的判定。结合应用的特点，引入多特征空间分类，比较图像与它们到两个特征空间的投影之间的距离作出判定，并在系统中加入灰度图变换，脸部子区域分割，确定对称轴和输入向量计算等前处理步骤。实验证明，本文的改进提高了系统判定的正确性。     

块体纳米材料的结构性能及应用

块体纳米材料是纳米材料的重要组成部分，对纳米材料最终能否在大范围应用可能起着决定性作用。块体纳米材料具有很多比较特殊的结构和性能，这些特点决定了纳米材料的应用范围。文章对块体纳米材料的结构、性能和应用情况作了简要介绍。     

一种预测压裂水平井生产动态的新方法

结合压裂水平井裂缝形态和生产过程中的渗流机理，应用复位势理论和势叠加原理等基本渗流理论，推导出了均质矩形油藏中，压裂水平井的生产动态预测公式。在推导过程中，考虑了不同裂缝之间的干扰以及流体在水平井筒中流动时产生的压降对产量的影响。最后，对大庆树平1井进行了模拟，证明了该方法的正确性。