Anaerobic and aerobic responses of males and females to rope skipping

Six male and six female subjects performed maximal bicycle ergometer work and skipped rope at selected rates. Measures included oxygen uptake (VO2), oxygen debt (VO2 debt), blood lactate, and heart rate (HR). Mean values for males for the maximum test and while skipping at 120, 140, and 160 turns . min-1 were, respectively: VO2-50.2, 38.3, 39.7, and 44.3 ml . kg-1 . min-1; HR-185, 166, 168, and 178 beats . min-1; VO2 debt--5.70, 3.65, 3.50, and 4.04 liter; and lactate--12.7, 7.4, 7.6, and 9.2 mM . 1(-1). For females: VO2--42.8, 39.8, 39.4, and 39.4 ml . kg-1 . min-1; HR--185, 181, 181, and 181 beats . min-1; VO2 debt--4.71, 4.27, 4.22, and 4.15 liter; and lactate--11.5, 11.5, 12.2, and 11.9 mM . l-1. No significant differences were found between treatments for females for any measure. Rope skipping placed high demands on both aerobic (females, 92% VO2max, males, 76-88%) and anaerobic capacities (females, 100-106% lactate values after maximum bicycle exercise; males, 58-72%). In males, who did not reach VO2max during rope skipping, it was verified that the VO2 requirement does not increase with skipping rate over a relatively wide range, but that extremely high rates do require more energy from both aerobic and anaerobic sources. Differences in tolerance of males and females to rope skipping were attributed to the lower aerobic power and higher body fat of females.     

Whole lake responses to low level copper sulfate treatment

The impact of three low level copper sulfate applications to Cazenovia Lake, New York, was assessed through a high frequency monitoring program. Monitored parameters included: (1) filtered and total copper; (2) phytoplankton identification and enumeration; (3) chlorophyll-a, (4) in situ¹⁴C assimilation; (5) bacteria numbers; (6) zooplankton identification and enumeration, (7) macrophyte nutrient status and (8) filtered reactive and total phosphorus.The low level application caused only small increases (maximum of 5 μg/l) of short duration (2–5 days) in filtered copper. The treatments failed to induce effective algicidal action in the target phytoplankton populations of the lake, but they did induce short term stress and alterations in the natural seasonal succession processes within these populations. No definitive responses in the zooplankton, submerged macrophytes or water column phosphorus levels were noted. Dramatic reductions in the water column bacteria occurred immediately following each treatment, indicating direct negative impact. Phytoplankton and bacteria populations recovered within 1 week and several days, respectively.     

The complete dissolution of goethite

The dissolution of all except one sample of goethite obeyed the cube root kinetic law which implies a uniform rate of disappearance of the crystals. However, the electron microscope showed that this was only true in some cases and that there could be some compensation between size distribution in the sample and the increase in surface area through hole formation in the crystal.     

Context conditional flavor preferences in the rat based on fructose and maltodextrin reinforcers.

In three experiments, rats were exposed to a flavor preference procedure in which flavor A was paired with the reinforcer and flavor B presented alone in Context 1, while in Context 2 flavor A was presented alone and flavor B with the reinforcer. With fructose as the reinforcer both two- and one-bottle training procedures produced a context-dependent preference (Experiments 1 and 2). With maltodextrin as the reinforcer two-bottle training produced a context-dependent preference (Experiment 1). Following one-bottle training with maltodextrin reinforcement rats demonstrated a context-dependent preference when the conditioned stimulus (CS)- was presented with a dilute solution of the reinforcer during training (Experiment 3B) but not when the CS- was presented alone (Experiments 2 and 3A). The pattern of results with maltodextrin reinforcement suggests that there was competition between the cue flavors and the taste of the maltodextrin as predictors of the postingestive consequences of the maltodextrin reinforcer. The fact that rats were able to display context-dependent flavor preferences is consistent with the idea that learned flavor preferences rely on the sort of cue-consequence associations that underpin other forms of conditioning which produce accurate performance on biconditional tasks. The differences between fructose- and maltodextrin-based preferences are discussed in terms of configural and elemental learning processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Synthesis of 4-, 8-, 12-arm star-branched polybutadienes with three different chain-end functionalities using a functionalized initiator

An array of well-defined 4-, 8-, and 12-arm, chain-end functionalized, star polymers and their deuterated analogs has been synthesized using a t-butyldimethylsiloxy-functionalized alkyllithium initiator and anionic polymerization. The design of the synthesis provides for unusually well-defined comparisons of the behavior of the polymers with different chain-end functionality. For each star architecture three polybutadiene polymers were synthesized with the same labeling, the same well-defined degree of branching and molecular weight, but different chain end functionality. Deprotection of the t-butyldimethylsiloxypropyl chain ends of the stars as first synthesized provided stars with hydroxypropyl chain ends. The hydroxypropyl chain ends were further converted to trifluoroethanesulfonyloxypropyl chain ends by tresylation with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonyl chloride. Measurements of intrinsic viscosities for the hydrogenous and deuterated linear PBs made in the course of characterizing the star functionalities confirm that the dimensions of the linear chains are not affected by isotopic substitution.     

Responses to Retailing Change in Canberra

Retailing is a major activity in urban areas. Where it is located is a major influence on traffic flows and the ease and level of access the population has to goods and services. Relying solely on the market to determine retail provision is likely to result in a misallocation of resources. Given the dynamism of the industry, and the uncertainty in predicting the future, the challenge for planning frameworks has been how to best respond to the needs of an increasingly affluent and mobile population while considering the social and environmental consequences of development. This article explores, with particular reference to Canberra, how retail planning policy has evolved to respond to these changes. How communities respond to such changes will depend on the relative weighting they give to accessibility, efficiency, equity, sustainability and amenity criteria. The aim should be the development of a retail system that provides for competition, choice, accommodates new retail formats while meeting the needs of the less mobile and the need to reduce overall travel.

     

Palomar Receive Terminal (PRT) for the Mars Laser Communication Demonstration (MLCD) Project

Significant technological advances were made toward utilizing the Hale telescope for receiving the faint laser communication signals transmitted from an optical transceiver on a spacecraft orbiting Mars. The so-called Palomar receive terminal design, which would have supported nominal downlink data rates of 1-30 Mbps, is described. Testing to validate technologies for near-Sun (3deg from edge of solar disc) daytime operations is also discussed. Finally, a laboratory end-to-end link utilizing a 64-ary pulse-position modulated photon-counting receiver and decoder that achieved predicted near-capacity (within 1.4 dB) performance is described.     

Racial bias in personality assessment: Using the MMPI-2 to predict psychiatric diagnoses of African American and Caucasian chemical dependency inpatients.

An assessment of predictive bias was conducted on numerous scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (MMPI-2; J. N. Butcher, W. G. Dahlstrom, J. R. Graham, A. Tellegen, & B. Kaemmer, 1989), including the Restructured Clinical (RC) scales, in the prediction of clinical diagnostic status for African American and Caucasian male veterans seeking substance abuse treatment. Patients completed a battery of self-report instruments and were administered structured diagnostic interviews. African American patients obtained higher scores across most MMPI-2 scales compared with Caucasians with clinically meaningful elevations (T scores > 5 points) on 3 scales. The RC scales demonstrated strong correlations with diagnoses, however, like other MMPI-2 scales examined in this study, they displayed a general trend of predictive bias. Step-down hierarchical regression procedures (G. J. Lautenschlager & J. L. Mendoza, 1986) indicated the presence of predictive bias for a majority of the scales examined; however, most of these effects were small to modest (accounting for 3%–5% of variance). The pattern of slope and intercept biases across types of MMPI-2 scales differs from prior research and indicates the importance of evaluating bias in various populations and settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Improved synthesis of fullerynes by Fisher esterification for modular and efficient construction of fullerene polymers with high fullerene functionality

For the first time, the scope of Fisher esterification has been extended to fullerene derivatives to improve the synthesis of alkyne-functionalized fullerenes (fullerynes) using 1-chloronaphthalene as a solvent and a specially-designed, home-made reactor to promote high yield. The design allows for higher solubility of fullerene derivatives and a continuous azeotropic distillation for the removal of water to drive the reaction to completion with yields >90%. Both fullerynes (Fulleryne01 and Fulleryne02) were found to “click” to polymers, such as azide-functionalized poly(?-caprolactone) (PCL-N₃), in high efficiency without the need for fractionation. As evidenced by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, size exclusion chromatography, and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, the fullerene polymers thus obtained possess well-defined structure, narrow polydispersity (∼1.01 by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry; ∼1.03 by size exclusion chromatography), and high fullerene functionality (∼100%). They can serve as model compounds for the investigations of polymer structures and dynamics.