This paper describes the composition, construction and uses of the rather special range of geotextile composites which have generally become known as ‘fin drains’. It tries to provide a generic definition of the term ‘fin drain’ which encompasses all current commercial products, and foreseeable types. In particular, it excludes composites which are intended for, or which function as, either pressure-driven water transporters, or capillary driven systems. Pressure-driven drains include, in particular, those drains commonly known as ‘wicks’ which are used for the relief of excess pore pressure in soft ground construction work. Similarly, a number of geotextiles have the facility of passing water within their plane by virtue of internal capillary attraction generated at the interfaces of the composite fine fibres. Such products transmit only small volumes of water, and their intended functions and design principles are entirely different from those of ground fin drains in the sense included in this paper. 相似文献
From the technical and economic points of view, systems integration, and packaging represent a crucial step in the production of microsystems. Compared to purely silicon- or glass-based systems, the variety of materials and geometries available for purely polymer microfluidic systems is much larger, due to the outstanding material properties. Moreover, polymers may be shaped and joined by comparably simple methods. Examples are polymer microreplication as well as various bonding methods. With them, complete polymer microsystems can be integrated. In addition, a number of established, compatible processes are available for the integration of functional elements that may also be made of other materials.
A theoretical approach to the dynamic analysis of deactivation and aging of heterogeneous catalysts is proposed — analysis
of the rate derivative in a kinetic equation of a given form. Methodology was demonstrated for the simplest kinetic equations
— zero-and first-order. Regardless of the form of the kinetic equation for the dynamic model of deactivation, the rate constant
is a function of an independent reaction coordinate. The method can also be used for solving reactivation problems and for
explaining the dynamics of cation exchange in zeolite.
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Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 3–34, January–February, 2006. 相似文献
This paper describes a 32-KB two-read, one-write ported L0 cache for 4.5-GHz operation in 1.2-V 130-nm dual-V/sub TH/ CMOS technology. The local bitline uses a leakage-tolerant self reverse-bias (SRB) scheme with nMOS source-follower pullup access transistors, while preserving robust full-swing operation. Gate-source underdrive of -220 mV on the bitline read-select transistors is established without external bias voltages or gate-oxide overstress. Device-level measurements in the 130-nm technology show 72/spl times/ bitline active leakage reduction, enabling low-V/sub TH/ usage, 40% bitline keeper downsizing, and 16 bitcells/bitline. 11% faster read delay and 2/spl times/ higher dc noise robustness are achieved compared with high-performance dual-V/sub TH/ bitline scheme. Sustained performance and robustness benefits of the SRB technique against conventional dynamic bitline with scaling to 100- and 70-nm technology is also presented. 相似文献
This paper provides simple, exact, new closed-form expressions for the generalized phase crossing rate of Nakagami-m fading channels. Sample numerical results obtained by simulation are presented that validate the formulations developed here. A special case of this formulation is the Rayleigh case, whose result agrees with that obtained elsewhere in the literature. In passing, several new closed-form results concerning the statistics of the envelope, its in-phase and quadrature components, phase, and their time derivatives are obtained. 相似文献
The stationary and time-resolved polariton radiation in ultrahigh quality AIGaAs layers have been studied. It has been found
that elastic exciton-exciton collisions lead to the appearance of a low-energy line of polariton radiation. We show that the
rate of exciton-to-polariton transitions caused by elastic exciton-exciton collisions is determined not only by the density
of the excitonic gas, but also by its temperature; this is in accordance with existing theoretical predictions.
The text was submitted by the authors in English. 相似文献
New modulation formats are presented that increase the transmission rate over that of conventional systems, without degrading the bit error rate (BER) and with minimal bandwidth variation. A time-varying function called an "extra phase variation function" (EPVF) is added to the discrete phase of conventional modulation formats such as M-PSK and QAM to transmit additional data bits. A receiver configuration is presented that allows the decoding of information represented by the discrete and extra phases. It is shown that in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, the BER performance of the bits carried by the discrete phase and the extra phase in the modified format improves over the BER of conventional modulation formats. 相似文献
Industrial solid-liquid separation processes, such as pressure filtration or membrane processes, involve the application of pressure to suspensions. In response, some water is extracted, the suspension volume is reduced, and the dispersed aggregates start to form a network. In recent works, we aimed to make a prediction for the response of aggregates to stress which occurs during a filtration. We chose model systems made of aggregated silica nanoparticles. Some of these systems offer a strong resistance to applied stresses, and retain their permeability; others yield and collapse. We used small angle neutron scattering by which we can locally quantify the particle distribution withi the network to determine the processes by which particles reorganise during collapse: we found that reordering processes at the scale of 1 to 10 particle diameters control the course of collapse and the loss of permeability. Finally we constructed a numerical model for describing the processes by which colloidal aggregates are compressed. This model predicts that the response of such networks to pressure follows some scaling laws, which depend only on the elastic vs. dissipative nature of interparticle bonds. 相似文献
This account highlights recent progress towards understanding the complex hierarchical levels of solid‐state structure in a prototypical helical hairy‐rod polyfluorene, poly[9,9‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)fluorene‐2,7‐diyl] (or PF2/6). This branched‐side‐chain containing polyfluorene undergoes a systematic intermolecular self‐assembly and liquid‐crystalline phase behavior in combination with uniaxial and biaxial alignment. The latter processes yield full three‐dimensional orientation of the crystallites and polymer chains. Also reviewed are the impact of the molecular structure and phase behavior on surface morphology, anisotropic film formation, and, ultimately, the overall impact of these physical attributes on optical constants. This particular polyfluorene also represents a model system for demonstrating the applicability of mean‐field theory in detailing the self‐organization of aligned hairy‐rod block‐copolymer systems. These results of PF2/6 are compared to those of other archetypical π‐conjugated hairy‐rod polymers. General guidelines of how molecular weight influences nanostructure, phase behavior, alignment, and surface morphology are given. 相似文献