JETS,PLUMES AND BUOYANT JETS IN STATIC ENVIRONMENT

Turbulence represents an essential aspect in atmospheric and oceanic circulations.In particu-lar,it is a preponderant factor in the dispersion of pollutants of artificial or natural origin.Thevertical turbulent jets,plumes and buoyant jets discharging into static environment is one of themost important and basic flow patterns related with the environment pollution.These flows havenumerous important applications,for example,thrust augmentors,waste disposal plumes fromstacks and combustion systems,and significant problems of turbulent diffusion.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES AND NUMERICAL CALCULATION ON TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER OF WATER FLOW ALONG CURVED SURFACE

This paper will introduce experimental studies and numerical calculation onturbulent boundary layer of water flow along curved surface in our country in recent years.Onthe basis of the experimental studies,the effects of curvature and roughness on velocitydistribution and pressure distribution and the change of turbulent flow boundary layer onoverflow bucket concave surface is discussed.We proposed the empirical formula of velocity,pressure and the change of turbulent flow boundary layer on outlet bucket concave.According tothe momentum principle,we have deduced the momentum integral equation full water depthboundary layer and using the element as control unit inside the boundary layer on concavesurface of bucket.Combining with continuity equation,we have computed the boundary layerdevelopment on the bucket of a spillway.Compared with the field experimental data,thecalculation results are available.Under polar coordinates,a mathematical model for simulatingtime-averaged flow characteristics in concave surface of bucket is established.The turbulent flowfield on concave surface of bucket is calculated by SIMPLE method and this mathematicalmodel.The flow velocity field,pressure field,distribution of turbulent kinetic energy,distribution of turbulent energy dissipating rate and distribution of shear stress are available.Thecalculation value is consistent with measured test data.     

Effect of cyclosporin on the activity of cytidine deaminase and adenosine deaminase in the serum and polymorphonuclear leukocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Cytidine deaminase (CDA) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) were investigated in the serum and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) of healthy controls and ten patients with rheumatoid arthritis before and during cyclosporin therapy. CDA was significantly raised in the serum and decreased in the cells of patients. A dramatic increase (10-fold or more) in CDA activity was observed in the cells of some patients after only one month of cyclosporin therapy. Serum CDA significantly increased after three months' therapy. While the increase in serum CDA level during therapy was transient, the enzyme level in cells remained permanently raised, as shown in two patients evaluated for sixteen months. ADA in the serum of RA patients was somewhat higher as compared with healthy controls and remained almost unchanged during cyclosporin therapy. ADA activity in the cells also increased, but compared with the increase in CDA activity this increase was lower. Cyclosporin increased both CDA and ADA activities in PMNLs of RA patients. The dramatic increase in CDA observed in PMNLs of patients could be the cause of the transient increase in CDA in the serum. Further investigations will show to what extent this property of cyclosporin can reflect the immunoregulatory effect of this drug.     

Interferon-gamma activates the oxidative killing of Candida albicans by human granulocytes

The sequence proline-proline-glycine-proline is highly conserved in cytochrome P450 families 1 and 2, and similar proline rich sequences are found in other cytochromes P450. Since this sequence immediately follows the NH2-terminal hydrophobic membrane insertion signal, it potentially could function as a signal either for retention of cytochrome P450 in the endoplasmic reticulum or for its correct orientation in the membrane. To test this possibility, DNA sequence coding for this tetrapeptide was deleted from cytochrome P450 2C2 cDNA. Translation of the mutated mRNA in a reticulocyte cell-free system containing canine microsomal membranes resulted in the insertion of the protein into the membrane with a topology indistinguishable from that of normal cytochrome P450 2C2. The mutated protein was expressed in COS1 cells and its distribution, assayed by immunofluorescence, was similar to that of cytochrome P450 2C2. Furthermore, if a short peptide containing a potential glycosylation site was fused to the N-terminus of the mutant protein, the new hybrid protein was glycosylated in COS1 cells and the carbohydrate moiety remained sensitive to cleavage by endoglycosidase H. These results indicate that the protein was inserted and retained in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Pulse-chase studies showed that the mutated protein was degraded about four times as fast as cytochrome P450 2C2. In contrast to cytochrome P450 2C2, no (omega-1) hydroxylase activity was detected in COS1 cells expressing the mutated protein at similar steady-state levels as the wild-type protein. These results indicate that, although the conserved PPGP tetrapeptide is not required for cellular localization of cytochrome P450 in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, its deletion decreases the stability of the protein and abolishes enzymatic activity.     

A MULTIAXIAL FATIGUE DAMAGE MODEL FOR ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS UNDER PROPORTIONAL LOADING

A new multiaxial fatigue damage model for orthotropic materials is proposed based on the strain vector. Six material constants are included in the model. These material constants represent the dependence of fatigue resistance on material orientation, and they can be obtained by conducting strain-controlled uniaxial fatigue tests along the three principal orthotropic directions of an orthotropic material. The model can also be transformed in new coordinate systems to predict the fatigue lives of new material orientations. Biaxial low-cycle fatigue tests are conducted to verify the model. The prediction of the model agrees with the experimental results reasonably well.