Effects of niacin and whole cottonseed on ruminal fermentation, protein degradability, and nutrient digestibility

Four mature nonlactating Holstein heifers fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used to investigate in vivo effects of niacin and whole cottonseed. Each heifer was assigned randomly to a treatment in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatment sequences within a 4 X 4 Latin square design. Heifers were fed isonitrogenous complete mixed rations individually twice daily. Diets contained corn-soybean meal concentrate, corn silage, chopped coastal bermudagrass hay, plus 1) 0% niacin and 0% whole cottonseed, 2) 0% niacin and 15% whole cottonseed, 3) .07% niacin and 0% whole cottonseed, or 4) .07% niacin and 15% whole cottonseed. Dry matter consumption, ruminal pH, ruminal ammonia and VFA concentrations, microbial N production, and DM and ADF digestion were not affected by treatment. Numbers of ruminal protozoa and RNA concentrations were reduced with whole cottonseed feeding and increased by addition of niacin. Whole cottonseed increased molar percentages of acetate while depressing propionate. Niacin supplementation resulted in greater digestion of both CP and NDF. Ether extract digestibility was highest in heifers fed whole cottonseed. Fiber digestion was not affected by whole cottonseed feeding.     

拉直倾斜的建筑

<正>George Cairns告诉我们如何使用镜头校正命令完善建筑摄影作品我们敢打赌大部分建筑都有拔地而起的90度垂直外墙。但是在拍摄建筑物照片的时候,由于透视畸变,所有垂直线条向一点汇聚,外墙的下半部分往往要比上半部分看上去宽很多。     

伊莫·麦凯伯

<正>Sylyester Mittee"我使用一支180mm镜头将画面聚焦在紧紧缠绕的绷带上。我看到过有些广告画面明显在模仿这幅作品,但他们永远无法捕捉这样一幅完美作品的精髓。轻微晃动给画面带来了独特的氛围。"     

Challenges in modelling the evolution of stress corrosion cracks from pits

The evolution of stress corrosion cracks from pits is important in many industrial applications but continues to be a challenge in both measurement and prediction. Life prediction in these circumstances has to account for pit growth kinetics, the conditions for the transition from pits to cracks, and the growth rate of cracks in the short and long crack domain. An example of importance is the performance of steam turbine rotors in power generation. Although stress corrosion failures are comparatively rare, the consequences can be severe and occasionally catastrophic. Consequently, considerable effort is being focused on evaluating the effect of operational variables on pitting and crack growth and in developing an improved basis for structural integrity assessment. A preliminary mathematical model based on deterministic equations with statistically variable input parameters was developed for simulating the evolution of the pit depth distribution at different exposure times, and the transformation to stress corrosion cracks was based on the Kondo criteria. The model predicted some features of the damage well but recent novel measurements of the evolution of stress corrosion cracks from pits combined with finite element analysis of the strain distribution suggest that the transition from a pit to a crack is more complex than can be accounted for by the Kondo approach.     

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