Quantification of Pizza Baking Properties of Different Cheeses,and Their Correlation with Cheese Functionality

The aim of this study is to quantify the pizza baking properties and performance of different cheeses, including the browning and blistering, and to investigate the correlation to cheese properties (rheology, free oil, transition temperature, and water activity). The color, and color uniformity, of different cheeses (Mozzarella, Cheddar, Colby, Edam, Emmental, Gruyere, and Provolone) were quantified, using a machine vision system and image analysis techniques. The correlations between cheese appearance and attributes were also evaluated, to find that cheese properties including elasticity, free oil, and transition temperature influence the color uniformity of cheeses.     

拉直倾斜的建筑

<正>George Cairns告诉我们如何使用镜头校正命令完善建筑摄影作品我们敢打赌大部分建筑都有拔地而起的90度垂直外墙。但是在拍摄建筑物照片的时候,由于透视畸变,所有垂直线条向一点汇聚,外墙的下半部分往往要比上半部分看上去宽很多。     

伊莫·麦凯伯

<正>Sylyester Mittee"我使用一支180mm镜头将画面聚焦在紧紧缠绕的绷带上。我看到过有些广告画面明显在模仿这幅作品,但他们永远无法捕捉这样一幅完美作品的精髓。轻微晃动给画面带来了独特的氛围。"     

Functional, Nutritional, and Rheological Properties of Protein Powders from Arrowtooth Flounder and their Application in Mayonnaise

ABSTRACT: Arrowtooth flounder soluble protein powder (AFSP) and arrowtooth flounder insoluble protein powder (AFISP) were evaluated for their functional, nutritional, and rheological properties. AFSP and AFISP contained 80% and 79% protein and 5.9% and 14.9% fat, respectively. Yield of AFSP (8.6%) was less than AFISP (13.1%). AFSP and AFISP had desirable essential amino acid and mineral contents. Emulsion stability of AFSP was greater than AFISP. Fat and water absorptions (mL/g protein) were 5.2 and 1.8 for AFSP, respectively, and 3.3 and 4.2 for AFISP Mayonnaises made from AFSP had greater emulsion stability than mayonnaise made from AFISP. Mayonnaises from both AFSP and AFISP possessed pseudoplastic and viscoelastic characteristics.     

Absence of sterol biosynthesis in oyster tissue culture

An oyster heart tissue culture was used to investigate the ability of the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) to synthesize sterols from [¹⁴C]acetate. Lipids were extracted from cultured oyster heart cells and no label was found in the purified fatty acid fraction, 90% of which was located in the saturated and monounsaturated fractions. Although these results cannot rule out the possibility of sterol synthesis in other oyster tissues, this and previous evidence are in support of the hypothesis that the American oyster is unable to synthesize sterols.     

Sterol composition of the phytolaccaceae and closely related families

Total sterols were analyzed from 28 species of Phytolaccaceae and from 29 species of closely related families—Basellaceae, Portulaccaceae, Molluginaceae, and Stegnospermataceae. Eighteen of twenty-eight species of Phytolaccaceae contained dominant Δ⁷-sterols while six species had dominant Δ⁵-sterols. Three species had dominant Δ⁰-sterols. Sterol composition strongly reflected taxonomic position. Nineteen of twenty-nine species from Basellaceae, Portulaccaceae, Molluginaceae, and Stegnospermataceae contained dominant Δ⁷-sterols while ten species contained dominant Δ⁵-sterols. Until recently Δ⁷-sterols were considered rare in higher plants. It appears that a large number of species in the order Caryophyllales contain primarily Δ⁷-sterols.     

Characterization of tributyrin hydrolysis by immobilized lipase on woolen cloth using conventional batch and novel spinning cloth disc reactors

Optimal loading and operating conditions for a new, superior immobilization of amano lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens on woolen cloth were determined. The optimal enzyme loading was 46.8 mg g dry cloth⁻¹ with activity of 200 U. A batch reactor was used to characterize process conditions important to industrial application of the wool immobilized lipase. The optimal pH for immobilized lipase in tributyrin hydrolysis was 7, slightly lower than that of free lipase (pH 8). The optimal temperature for both free and immobilized lipase was 45 °C. The immobilized lipase was more stable to reuse than some other lipase immobilizations, maintaining 85% of its activity after 6 long term runs and 75.8% of the original activity after storage of 40 weeks at 4 °C. The thermal stability of lipase was improved by 2.4 times after immobilization. The thermal deactivation rate of immobilized lipase followed the Arrhenius law with E_d = 199 kJ mol⁻¹. The Michaelis–Menten constant (K_m) of the lipase increased from 1.63 mM to 4.48 mM after immobilization. The immobilized lipase was also successfully applied for tributyrin hydrolysis in a novel enzyme process intensification technology – the spinning cloth disc reactor (SCDR): conversion increased by around 13% under similar conditions compared to a conventional batch stirred tank reactor. The SCDR is therefore key to exploiting the advantages of the wool immobilized lipase developed in this work.     

Degradation of Thermal Barrier Coatings by Fuel Impurities and CMAS: Thermochemical Interactions and Mitigation Approaches

Degradation of free-standing yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and CoNiCrAlY coatings (300 μm) due to V₂O₅ and a laboratory-synthesized CMAS was investigated at temperatures up to 1400 °C. Reactions, phase transformations, and microstructural development in coatings were examined by using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The molten deposits destabilized the YSZ and reacted with the thermally grown oxide with various phase transformations and reaction product formation. A dense, continuous environmental barrier overlay, based on oxides, applied by electrophoretic deposition was effective in mitigating the molten deposit attack. Enriching CMAS composition with Al promoted the crystallization of anorthite platelets and MgAl₂O₄ spinel, and mitigated CMAS ingression. EPD MgO overlay was also effective in protection against V₂O₅ melt by formation of magnesium vanadates. EPD alumina overlay deposited on thermal barrier coatings with APS 8YSZ and bond-coated IN939 superalloy retained its adhesion and structural integrity after prolonged furnace thermal cycle test at 1100 °C.