Study of the extrusion of a typical pitch mesophase and the nature of the cokes derived therefrom

It is shown that the mesomorphic state of a typical pitch (Ashland 240), immediately prior to coking, can be extruded to produce a specified coke morphology. The rheology of the extrudate, the degree of preferred orientation induced and the nature of the cokes derived therefrom vary enormously depending on the thermal history of the pyrolysate. The extrudates and derived cokes are characterized by dilatometry and X-ray diffraction.     

Development of perirenal adipose tissue in the neonatal lamb: effects of dietary safflower oil

Perirenal adipose tissue development was investigated in lambs from birth until 17 days of age. Changes in the morphology, the lipid, protein, RNA and DNA content, the adipocyte number and size, and the rate of protein, RNA and DNA synthesis of the perirenal fat-pads are reported. During the first 9 days after birth the tissue lost the morphological characteristics of brown adipose tissue and acquired those of white adipose tissue. As there was no change in either the number of adipocytes or the DNA content of the fat-pads between birth and 9 days of age it is concluded that there was a differentiation of brown into white adipocytes. Over 80% of the increase in tissue weight between birth and 17 days of age was due to lipid deposition. Administration of safflower oil to the lambs had no apparent effect on the change from brown to white fat, but it markedly reduced the rate of lipid deposition between days 9 and 17 post partum.     

Comparison of drop-time and electrocapillary methods for study of adsorption of a neutral molecule at the mercury electrode

The question of the reliability of the electrocapillary technique for measurement of relative changes of surface tension is investigated for the case of aqueous. 0·03N NaClO₄ and for solutions containing the rigid symmetrical molecule pyrazine. Surface tension and adsorption measurements have been made by drop-time and electrocapillary techniques. Only very small differences of surface tension changes, due to adsorption of pyrazine at various electrode charges, can be detected between the two methods. The surface excess/chemical potential relations derived from the results of the two methods are almost identical. It is concluded that systematic errors in the study of electrochemical adsorption by the electrocapillary method do not normally arise.     

Smoking and cough frequency

The number of coughs occurring in small groups of subjects was noted by observers who also noted the time of lighting a cigarette by each member of the group. Those who smoked during the periods of observation coughed twice as often as those who did not; men coughed twice as often as did women.     

Monocrotaline model of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs

Monocrotaline, a plant alkaloid shown histologically to produce pulmonary endothelial damage and edema, was used in dogs to produce an acute model of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Following intravenous injection there was no change in pulmonary vascular pressures or heart rate; cardiac output fell and pulmonary vascular resistance increased. After 2 h measurement of lung water demonstrated modest pulmonary edema in all animals. The degree of edema produced was more consistent and reproducible than that following alloxan or alpha-naphthylthiourea.     

When authorities' commands backfire: Attributions about consensus and effects on deviant decision making.

The perception of consensus typically produces conformity, but specific attributional circumstances may produce deviance instead. Ironically, the command of an authority figure may create one such circumstance. Participants were presented with scenarios in which they had to make a choice between 2 options. Prior to their decision, they observed others all making a single choice. In some conditions, this consensus occurred following an authority's explicit command to make that choice. Results revealed the hypothesized effect--the authority's command led participants to make deviant decisions-and revealed that this effect was moderated by the authority's continued presence, expertise, the target(s) of the command, and the ability of perceivers to use their cognitive resources. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Two ways to be complex and why they matter: Implications for attitude strength and lying.

Integrative complexity broadly measures the structural complexity of statements. This breadth, although beneficial in multiple ways, can potentially hamper the development of specific theories. In response, the authors developed a model of complex thinking, focusing on 2 different ways that people can be complex within the integrative complexity system and subsequently developed measurements of each of these 2 routes: Dialectical complexity focuses on a dialectical tension between 2 or more competing perspectives, whereas elaborative complexity focuses on complexly elaborating on 1 singular perspective. The authors posit that many variables have different effects on these 2 forms of complexity and subsequently test this idea in 2 different theoretical domains. In Studies 1a, 1b, and 2, the authors demonstrate that variables related to attitude strength (e.g., domain importance, extremism, domain accessibility) decrease dialectical complexity but increase elaborative complexity. In Study 3, the authors show that counterattitudinal lying decreases dialectical complexity but increases elaborative complexity, implicating a strategic (as opposed to a cognitive strain) view of the lying-complexity relationship. The authors argue that this dual demonstration across 2 different theoretical domains helps establish the utility of the new model and measurements as well as offer the potential to reconcile apparent conflicts in the area of cognitive complexity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)