The renal medulla and mechanisms of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat

A significant number of offspring from brother-sister matings of NIH-Okamoto-Aoki spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were found to be normotensive at 20 weeks of age. Over 20% of the animals that were hypertensive at this age had mild-to-moderate unilateral hydronephrosis at the time of sacrifice. In over 90% of the rats that did not develop hypertension spontaneously, ligation of one ureter raised blood pressure above 150 mm Hg within 2 weeks. In those rats made hypertensive by obstructing one ureter and in those that developed hypertension with accompanying naturally occurring hydronephrosis, subcutaneous implants of fragmented renal medulla from unrelated normal rats decreased blood pressure to normotensive levels. In contrast, medullary implants had no significant effect in rats developing hypertension spontaneously without hydronephrosis. Renal inner medullary plasma flow was low in the obstructed kidneys of hydronephrotic hypertensive SHRs but was elevated in the kidneys of nonhydronephrotic hypertensive SHRs. The hypertension in hydronephrotic SHRs appears to be related to an impairment of the antihypertensive function of the renal medulla. Such an impairment of medullary antihypertensive function does not appear to play a significant role in the hypertension in SHRs without hydronephrosis.     

Energy transfer in the photochemical apparatus of flashed bean leaves

Fluorescence and energy transfer properties of bean leaves greened by brief, repetitive xenon flashes were studied at -196 degrees C. The bleaching of P-700 has no influence on the yield of fluorescence at any wavelength of emission. The light-induced fluorescence yield changes which are observed in both the 690 and 730 nm emission bands in the low temperature fluorescence spectra are due to changes in the state of the Photosystem II reaction centers. The fluorescence yield changes in the 730 nm band are attributed to energy transfer from Photosystem II to Photosystem I. Such energy transfer was also confirmed by measurements of the rate of photooxidation of P-700 AT -196 degrees C in leaves in which the Photosystem II reaction centers were either all open or all closed. It is concluded that energy transfer from Photosystem II to Photosystem I occurs in the flashed bean leaves which lack the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein.     

An assessment of inositol fermentation by Klebsiellae and its implication in screening media

Four patterns of inositol fermentation by different isolates of Klebsiellae are described. Inositol fermentation by some isolates may be modified by medium incorporation of acetoin and diacetyl. An inositol--hydrogen sulphide--motility medium, modified by reducing the pH value, increasing the inositol concentration, and the incorporation of acetoin, is described and evaluated as a means of detecting acid production by isolates showing different inositol fermentation patterns.     

The relationship between striatal and mesolimbic dopamine dysfunction and the nature of circling responses following 6-hydroxydopamine and electrolytic lesions of the ascending dopamine systems of rat brain

The importance of extrapyramidal and mesolimbic function for circling behaviour was investigated by placing 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and electrolesions in the cell bodies, axons and terminals of each system. Circling behaviour was weak when 6-OHDA was placed at the centre of the substantia nigra (SN), but the characteristic contralateral/ipsilateral turning to apomorphine/amphetamine were recorded. Circling was more marked when 6-OHDA was placed anterior to the SN but was generally absent following injections posterior to the SN. However, 6-OHDA placed in the medial forebrain bundle in the lateral hypothalamus resulted in intense contralateral/ipsilateral turning to apomorphine/amphetamine. Generally, the intensity of circling responses was related to the degree of striatal dopamine (DA) depletion but the more effective lesions also caused reductions in mesolimbic DA content. However, circling was not observed following any 6-OHDA injection into the mesolimbic DA system and it is concluded that mesolimbic DA function is not essential for the initiation of circling. In contrast to the 6-OHDA lesions, rats circled ipsilateral to both apomorphine and amphetamine when the SN was damaged by electrocoagulation to cause marked depletion of striatal dopamine. Lesser depletions of striatal dopamine after electrocoagulation in different regions of the medial forebrain bundle were associated with a lower intensity of ipsilateral circling to both drugs. In general, the differences between 6-OHDA and electrolesions could not be explained by additional damage to ascending noradrenaline or 5-hydroxytryptamine pathways. Lower doses of apomorphine were effective in the 6-OHDA circling rats, and the ipsilateral striatum of such rats was more sensitive to directly applied DA. Higher doses of apomorphine were required to produce circling after chronic electrolesions which rendered the ipsilateral striatum insensitive to DA. The contralateral circling to apomorphine after 6-OHDA lesions was abolished by chronic but not by acute electrolesion of the SN. It is suggested that electrolesions of the SN cause different effects to 6-OHDA because they destroy neuronal pathways in addition to the dopaminergic nigrostriatal tract. These appear to be required for the expression of circling behaviour caused by stimulation of the denervated striatum. Whereas 6-OHDA lesions result in super-sensitivity of the denervated strital DA receptors, electrolesions may cause a hypo-sensitivity of the same receptor sites.     

Affective encoding and consequent remembering in schizophrenic young adults.

Investigated whether schizophrenics' recall deficit can be ameliorated if appropriate encoding behaviors are experimentally induced, using 18 schizophrenics, 15 nonschizophrenic psychiatric patients, and 19 normals. In Session 1, the S was shown 50 words on a screen one at a time and rated them in terms of pleasantness-unpleasantness (orienting task); an unexpected free recall followed (incidental recall). In Session 2 given 1 wk later, the S was forewarned about the recall test prior to his engagement in the orienting task for another 50-word list; 4 free-recall trials followed (intentional recall). The recalls of the 3 groups were comparable in both sessions. The recall performance was also examined separately for the pleasant and unpleasant words, as rated by the Ss. All 3 groups tended to recall pleasant words more often than unpleasant words. It is, therefore, concluded that the schizophrenics' recall and pleasure deficits are probably remediable by means of attentional and encoding treatments. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Need for the doctor of psychology degree in professional psychology.

The Vail Conference on professional training in psychology recommended development of explicitly professional programs and use of the PsyD degree to certify competence in professional psychology. Policies governing use of the degree, however, as well as the concepts of professional function which degree titles should symbolize, continue to be controversial. Opponents of the Vail Conference recommendations have argued that professional psychologists are most appropriately regarded as scholar-professionals, and have urged award of the PhD degree upon completion of graduate training in such fields as clinical psychology. As counterargument, a multiple definition of the term scholar-professional is stated, and the surplus meanings implied by scholarship are shown to be either false, misleading, or redundant. The difficulties that arise from using the PhD degree as a credential of professional competence are then discussed, and the advantages of employing the PsyD degree both affirmatively, as a certificate of professional competence in psychology, and restrictively, to exclude inadequately trained people from the practice of professional psychology, are asserted. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)