Solubilization of various benzodiazepines for intranasal administration, a pilot study

Little research has been conducted on the characteristics of the literature of respiratory care. The bibliometric method was used to identify the core journals in the discipline and the extent of indexing of those journals. This study was a part of Medical Library Association (MLA) Nursing and Allied Health Resources Section's project to map the literature of allied health. Findings indicate that the research writings of the discipline cite journal articles most heavily, with the majority of the citations published between 1980 and 1993. The literature has a small core of cited journals with a wide dispersion. MEDLINE and EMBASE provided the best indexing coverage of the literature, and minimal coverage was given by the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and HEALTH.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvic floor in patients with obstructed defaecation

BACKGROUND: Evacuation proctography and measurements of anorectal physiology are frequently used to clarify the pathophysiology of obstructed defaecation. In some patients these tests are normal, despite convincing clinical evidence of defaecatory difficulty. The aim of this study was to determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could reveal pelvic floor abnormality in patients with obstructed defaecation. METHODS: Eleven women with obstructed defaecation, in whom evacuation proctography and anorectal physiology were normal, were examined by MRI, using a fast gradient echo sequence. Measurements of pelvic visceral and muscular descent were taken at rest and during straining, and compared with those obtained from 13 asymptomatic volunteers. RESULTS: Patients with obstructed defaecation had significantly greater pelvic visceral descent (P < 0.05), levator muscle descent (P = 0.04), levator plate angle change (P = 0.003) and increase in the area of the pelvic floor hiatus (P = 0.0002) than asymptomatic volunteers. CONCLUSION: MRI demonstrated marked pelvic visceral and levator muscle descent in women with obstructed defaecation, despite normal evacuation proctography and anorectal physiology. MRI should be considered if these examinations have been normal.     

Extracellular cellulase system of a thermotolerant streptomycete: Streptomyces albaduncus

In this study we compared viewer-centered (VC) with object-centered (OC) mental exploration of an imagined clock drawn on the ground. An upper case F portrayed on a computer screen was to be imagined standing up in the center of the clock. In Expt. 1, an adjustment task was used to verify that the discrimination of clock directions rendered by this perspective drawing was quite accurate. Precision was not affected by the imaginary size of the clock. In Expt. 2, subjects either (1) indicated the clock location pointed by the F given their viewing position (VC condition), or (2) their location at the periphery of the clock given the location pointed by the F (OC condition). Response latencies were proportional to the explored imaginary distance and increased with the size of the imagined environment. We found an additional mean processing time of at least 2 s in the OC condition with respect to the VC condition. Results are interpreted within Kosslyn's (Kosslyn, S.M., A cognitive neuroscience of visual cognition: further developments. In: R.H. Logie and M. Denis (Eds.), Mental Images in Human Cognition, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 1991, pp. 351-381 [17]) framework of cognitive neuroscience.     

Metanil yellow: a bifunctional inducer of hepatic phase I and phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes

Metanil yellow, a non-permitted food colour, has been found in various foodstuffs. The induction potential of metanil yellow on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 (P-450)-dependent monooxygenases and cytosolic detoxification enzymes, namely, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and quinone reductase (QR), was investigated. Oral administration of metanil yellow (430 mg/kg body weight) to four animals for seven days caused significant induction of hepatic P-450 (48%) and its dependent aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (100%) activity and cytosolic GST (136%) and QR (92%) activities. Parenteral administration of metanil yellow (80 mg/kg body weight) to another set of four animals for 3 days resulted in higher induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (228%) as compared to other monooxygenases (64-92%), while GST and QR were also found to be induced (59-95%). Spectra of metanil yellow-induced microsomes showed an increase in P-450 with a shift of 2.2 nm in the soret region. The results suggest that metanil yellow acts as a bifunctional inducer of specific isozymes of P-450 and cytosolic enzymes and thus may involve the cytosolic aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor for this type of induction.     

The 2.35 A crystal structure of the inactivated form of chicken Src: a dynamic molecule with multiple regulatory interactions

The Src protein tyrosine kinase plays a critical role in a variety of signal transduction pathways. Strict regulation of its activity is necessary for proper signalling. We present here the crystal structure of chicken Src which is phosphorylated at Tyr527 and represents its least active form. Our structure, similar to the recently reported human Hck and Src structures, contains the SH3, SH2 and the kinase domains and the C-terminal regulatory tail but not the N-terminal unique domain. The SH3 domain uses its hydrophobic surface to coordinate the SH2-kinase linker such that residues Gln251 and Leu255 specifically interact with side chains in the beta2-beta3 and the alphaC-beta4 loops of the N-terminal lobe opposite of the kinase active site. This position of the SH3 domain and the coordination of the SH2-kinase linker also optimally places the SH2 domain such that the phosphorylated Tyr527 in the C-terminal tail interacts with the SH2 binding pocket. Analogous to Cdk2 kinase, the position of the Src alphaC-helix in the N-terminal lobe is swung out disrupting the position of the active site residues. Superposition of other protein kinases including human Hck and Src onto chicken Src indicate that the alphaC-helix position is affected by the relative position of the N-terminal lobe with respect to the C-terminal lobe of the kinase and that the presence of the SH3/SH2-kinase linker/N-terminal lobe interactions restricts the kinase lobes and alphaC-helix access to the active conformation. These superpositions also suggest that the highly conserved alphaC-beta4 loop restricts the conformational freedom of the N-terminal lobe by anchoring it to the C-terminal lobe. Finally, based on sequence alignments and conservation of hydrophobic residues in the Src SH2-kinase linker as well as in the alphaC-beta4 and beta2-beta3 loops, we propose that the Src-related kinases, Abl, Btk and Csk, share the same quaternary structure.     

Transfusion malaria in sick neonates

A 45-year-old woman was incidentally suspected to have megacolon. Chest X-rays showed elevated left diaphragm due to colonic gas, and the heart was deviated to the midline. Barium enema revealed marked dilation of the sigmoid colon, confirming the diagnosis of megacolon. Maximal diameter of the sigmoid colon was 23 cm, but she had no gastrointestinal symptoms. During the work up for megacolon, the presence of myotonic dystrophy was suspected. She had hatchet face, but was not bald. Muscles of the neck and extremities were slightly atrophic. There was percussion myotonia of the tongue and both hands, and grip myotonia of the hands. Laboratory examinations showed impaired glucose tolerance and low level of serum IgG. EMG showed myotonic discharges and myopathic units in the limbs. Brain CT imaging revealed a thick skull. Cases of myotonic dystrophy associated with marked megacolon are rare in Japan. Megacolon presents a high risk for ileus, volvulus, and rupture, and myotonic dystrophy is associated with a high operative and anesthesic risk. Megacolon, therefore, is an important complication to look for in the management of myotonic dystrophy.     

Perinatal outcome associated with outpatient management of triplet pregnancy

A recent review of the relevant literature indicates that different approaches to the exploration of nurses' clinical reasoning are being adopted in North America, Australia and the United Kingdom. These differing approaches, which tend to cluster chronologically and which include decision analysis, information processing and skills acquisition theory and their limitations will be outlined; it will be argued that it is through their conflation that nurses' collective understanding of nurses' clinical reasoning is deepened. The author is attempting to develop an international network of nurse scholars interested in clinical reasoning with the aim of achieving this. The purposes of this network will be to facilitate international collaboration to expedite both the growth of knowledge related to nurses' clinical reasoning and the development of programs of international comparative research related to it. The setting up of this network and progress to date is described.     

Vasopressin induces dopamine release and cyclic AMP efflux from the brain of water-deprived rats: inhibitory effect of vasopressin V2 receptor-mediated phosphorylation

MR imaging is the best noninvasive method for the evaluation of articular cartilage. Recent studies have clarified the MR appearance of normal articular cartilage and proven that MR imaging can detect chondral lesions with high accuracy. Quantitative imaging holds promise for the accurate determination of cartilage volumes and thickness measurements, as well as the ability to detect early chondral degeneration and biochemical changes before gross morphologic changes occur.