A laser-based, tabletop instrument is constructed to perform femtosecond soft x-ray transient absorption spectroscopy. Ultrashort soft x-ray pulses produced via high-order harmonic generation of the amplified output of a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser system are used to probe atomic core-level transient absorptions in atoms and molecules. The results provide chemically specific, time-resolved dynamics with sub-50-fs time resolution. In this setup, high-order harmonics generated in a Ne-filled capillary waveguide are refocused by a gold-coated toroidal mirror into the sample gas cell, where the soft x-ray light intersects with an optical pump pulse. The transmitted high-order harmonics are spectrally dispersed with a homebuilt soft x-ray spectrometer, which consists of a gold-coated toroidal mirror, a uniform-line spaced plane grating, and a soft x-ray charge coupled device camera. The optical layout of the instrument, design of the soft x-ray spectrometer, and spatial and temporal characterizations of the high-order harmonics are described. Examples of static and time-resolved photoabsorption spectra collected on this apparatus are presented. 相似文献
The link between European environmental policies and spatial planning and decision-making in Member States is complicated and the subject of much debate among students of the European Union and the processes of Europeanization. This paper focus on policy meaning, and analyses the mechanisms of divergence and convergence that are at work in planning and decision-making practices in which the Birds and Habitats Directives are implemented. While many of the mechanisms are unconscious and unintentional and thus cannot be affected, others can be used intentional and strategically during the formulation and implementation of the policies. 相似文献
In this work, single discharges of electrochemical arc machining are examined. The heat-affected zone is analyzed, and a model is set up to simulate the heat transfer into the workpiece. As an input parameter of the simulation, the temperature of the electrochemical arc machining process was determined to be 3,500 K by means of emission spectroscopy. The simulation shows that the diameter of the heat-affected zone is less dependent on discharge duration and heat transfer due to heat flux than on the arc spot diameter. As a result of the investigation, it became clear that varying diameters of the heat-affected zone have to evolve from different diameters of the plasma channel’s arc spot. Understanding the heat distribution into the workpiece in electrochemical arc machining with micro-machining parameters allows the further development of a micro-drilling process for electrically conductive materials based on electrochemical arc machining. 相似文献
Manipulating friction without applying high normal forces is important for an intestine inspection and intervention device in order to eliminate the risk of tissue damage. One possible solution is to generate friction by means of adhesive forces. The adhesive forces should be high to offer sufficient grip without needing high normal forces. The generated friction is then called adhesion-controlled and depends on the size of the area in contact. Adhesion-controlled friction is well known to be dominant at microscopic and molecular levels. According to this paper, adhesion-controlled friction can be applicable on the macroscopic scale as well and, more specifically, within a range of forces in which friction is usually considered to be load-controlled. The intestine inspection and intervention device manipulates the friction with the colonic wall by means of mucoadhesive films. In this way, grip with high static friction is achieved without the need to apply high normal forces and friction is altered by changing the size of the area of the mucoadhesive film. Friction theories on different scales are revisited and considered in order to understand the dominant phenomena and the principles associated with this macroscopic adhesion-controlled friction. 相似文献
Some specialized aquatic snakes such as Natrix tessellata strike at fish by rapidly accelerating their head towards the prey with their mouth opened widely. This strategy is believed to be suboptimal as relatively high drag forces act on the open jaws and, therefore, probably limit strike speed. Moreover, the bow wave in front of the snake''s jaws could push prey away from the mouth, thus potentially explaining the relatively low capture success observed in these animals (<20%). Here, we used laser-scan based computational fluid dynamics to test these potential constraints on prey-capture performance for N. tessellata. Our simulations showed that drag force indeed increases drastically for striking at a high gape angle. However, we estimated the overall cost in slowing down strike speed to be less pronounced due to the instationary dynamics of the system. In contrast to the expectations, forward displacement of prey was relatively limited (<13% of head length), and forceful collisions between prey and the leading edge of the jaw regularly occurred. However, our models showed that precise aiming by the snake was needed to reduce the chance of deviating the prey to a path bypassing the mouth. Our study also indicated several hydrodynamic advantages for snakes to strike at relatively large prey. 相似文献
This study assessed the accuracy and feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during a constant infusion of gadolinium
diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) for the determination of myocardial viability in patients with recent acute myocardial
infarction (AMI). Nine patients were studied within 10 days of AMI. Rest-redistribution201Thallium (201Tl) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was used as a gold standard for viability. Using MRI, regional perfusion
was assessed using dynamic imaging during a bolus injection of Gd-DTPA and viability was assessed during a continuous infusion.
Finally, cine MR images were acquired at baseline, during low-dose dobutamine infusion and after recovery. To assess viability,
the left ventricle was divided into 16 segments and signal intensity in corresponding MRI and redistribution SPECT segments
were compared. Wall thickening index (WTI) was determined at each step during the dobutamine study. The results revealed that
in five patients, reduced perfusion in infarcted regions was observed qualitatively during dynamic first pass imaging. There
was a significant inverse correlation between201Tl uptake and MRI signal intensity, i.e. infarcted tissue (low201Tl uptake) had increased MR signal intensity. Segments were separated into normal (201Tl uptake >90%) and infarcted (<60%). Infarcted MRI segments had greater signal intensity than normal segments (179±50 vs.
102±14%;P<0.0001). WTI in normal segments increased by 18±8.5% (P<0.0001) from baseline to 10 μg/kg per min of dobutamine while infarcted tissue WTI decreased 2.8±7.2% (P=0.17). Thus regions of myocardium that were infarcted as defined by reduced201Tl uptake and absent contractile reserve showed greatly increased MRI signal intensity during a constant infusion of Gd-DTPA.
The use of MRI during a constant infusion of Gd-DTPA is accurate and feasible for the determination of myocardial necrosis
in a clinical setting. 相似文献
When appropriate membrane was used for the assistance of chemical and biochemical equilibrium reactions, it is possible to enhance the yield and the purity of the reaction product by selectively adding educts or selectively removing products and to a lower the energy input and the reaction time compared to conventional process. In this paper a review on membrane reactors with special emphasis on membrane-assistance of esterification reactions and a continuous tube membrane reactor for the pervaporation-assistance of the esterification are presented. The heterogeneously catalyzed esterification of ethanol and acetic acid to ethyl acetate and water was investigated as a typical chemical equilibrium reaction. The selective and simultaneous water separation from the reaction mixture of the esterification with polyvinyl alcohol pervaporation membranes is considered to be an interesting process alternative to the conventional distillation process. Compared to the distillation process, for the pervaporation-assisted process a decrease of the energy input of over 75% and of the investment and operating coasts of over 50% each was calculated. 相似文献
Reactions in restricted spaces rarely get stirred vigorously by convection and are thus controlled by diffusion. Furthermore, the compactness of the Brownian motion leads to both anomalous diffusion and anomalous reaction kinetics. Elementary binary reactions of the type A + A → Products, A + B → Products, and A + C → C + Products are discussed theoretically for both batch and steady-state conditions. The anomalous reaction orders and time exponents (for the rate coefficients) are discussed for various situations. Global and local rate laws are related to particle distribution functions. Only Poissonian distributions guarantee the classical rate laws. Reactant self-organization leads to interesting new phenomena. These are demonstrated by theory, simulations, and experiments. The correlation length of reactant production affects the self-ordering length scale. These effects are demonstrated experimentally, including the stability of reactant segregation observed in chemical reactions in one-dimensional spaces, e.g., capillaries and microcapillaries. The gap between the reactant A (cation) and B (anion) actually increases in time and extends over millimeters. Excellent agreement is found among theory, simulation, and experiment for the various scaling exponents. 相似文献
As neural networks become able to generate realistic artificial images, they have the potential to improve movies, music, video games and make the internet an even more creative and inspiring place. Yet, the latest technology potentially enables new digital ways to lie. In response, the need for a diverse and reliable method toolbox arises to identify artificial images and other content. Previous work primarily relies on pixel-space convolutional neural networks or the Fourier transform. To the best of our knowledge, synthesized fake image analysis and detection methods based on a multi-scale wavelet-packet representation, localized in both space and frequency, have been absent thus far. The wavelet transform conserves spatial information to a degree, allowing us to present a new analysis. Comparing the wavelet coefficients of real and fake images allows interpretation. Significant differences are identified. Additionally, this paper proposes to learn a model for the detection of synthetic images based on the wavelet-packet representation of natural and generated images. Our forensic classifiers exhibit competitive or improved performance at small network sizes, as we demonstrate on the Flickr Faces High Quality, Large-scale Celeb Faces Attributes and Large-scale Scene UNderstanding source identification problems. Furthermore, we study the binary Face Forensics++ (ff++) fake-detection problem.
We report on a method to preferentially align multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in a liquid crystalline matrix to form stable composite thin films. The liquid crystalline monomeric chains can be crosslinked to form acrylate bridges, thereby retaining the nanotube alignment. Further post-treatment by ozone etching of the composite films leads to an increase in bulk conductivity, leading to higher emission currents when examined under conducting scanning probe microscopy. The described methodology may facilitate device manufacture where electron emission from nanosized tips is important in the creation of new display devices. 相似文献