Desorption and ionization mechanisms in desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization

The factors influencing desorption and ionization in newly developed desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry (DAPPI-MS) were studied. Redirecting the DAPPI spray was observed to further improve the versatility of the technique: for dilute samples, parallel spray with increased analyte signal was found to be the best suited, while for more concentrated samples, the orthogonal spray with less risk for contamination is recommended. The suitability of various spray solvents and sampling surface materials was tested for a variety of analytes with different polarities and molecular weights. As in atmospheric pressure photoionization, the analytes formed [M + H](+), [M - H](-), M(+*), M(-*), [M - H + O](-), or [M - 2H + 2O](-) ions depending on the analyte, spray solvent, and ionization mode. In positive ion mode, anisole and toluene as spray solvents promoted the formation of M(+*) ions and were therefore best suited for the analysis of nonpolar compounds (anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, and tetracyclone). Acetone and hexane were optimal spray solvents for polar compounds (MDMA, testosterone, and verapamil) since they produced intensive [M + H](+) ion peaks of the analytes. In negative ion mode, the type of spray solvent affected the signal intensity, but not the ion composition. M(-*) ions were formed from 1,4-dinitrobenzene, and [M - H + O](-) and [M - 2H + 2O](-) ions from 1,4-naphthoquinone, whereas acidic compounds (naphthoic acid and paracetamol) formed [M - H](-) ions. The tested sampling surfaces included various materials with different thermal conductivities. The materials with low thermal conductivity, i.e., polymers like poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (Teflon) were found to be the best, since they enable localized heating of the sampling surface, which was found to be essential for efficient analyte desorption. Nevertheless, the sampling surface material did not affect the ionization mechanisms.     

Framework for Sustainable Food Packaging Design

The environmental impacts of packages have been found to be relatively small compared with the food items they contain. Furthermore, from the environmental and operational point of view, the most significant task of the package is to protect the product, which is important to acknowledge in the packaging design process. This study introduces a guiding framework for designing sustainable food packaging. In this approach, the entire life cycle of the product–package combination is taken into consideration. The emphasis is on the prevention of food losses in packaging design as a major environmental criterion. Consideration of the properties of both the package and the product itself when designing the final package will lead to a better end result with smaller product losses and environmental impacts. By using different assessment methods in the different stages of the packaging design, the sustainability of the package can be enhanced. The decision making of the packaging designer is facilitated with methods that are introduced step by step and in a certain order that will also allow for corrective measures through back‐loops in the design process. The purpose is to integrate sustainability aspects at all stages firmly into the design process. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Catalyst Deactivation in Diborane Decomposition

Both thermal and catalytic decomposition of diborane resulting in borane as the main product were investigated under the pressure and temperature ranges of 2–15 bar and 100–300 °C, respectively over Al₂O₃ and Pt/Al₂O₃ in a fixed bed reactor. Catalytic decomposition rate was essentially higher than the thermal decomposition, however the catalyst deactivation was substantial.     

SQUID magnetometers for low-frequency applications

We present a novel formulation for SQUID operation, which enables us to evaluate and compare the sensitivity and applicability of different devices. SQUID magnetometers for low-frequency applications are analyzed, taking into account the coupling circuits and electronics. We discuss nonhysteretic and hysteretic single-junction rf SQUIDs, but the main emphasis is on the dynamics, sensitivity, and coupling considerations of dc-SQUID magnetometers. A short review of current ideas on thin-film, dc-SQUID design presents the problems in coupling and the basic limits of sensitivity. The fabrication technology of tunnel-junction devices is discussed with emphasis on how it limits critical current densities, specific capacitances of junctions, minimum linewidths, conductor separations, etc. Properties of high-temperature superconductors are evaluated on the basis of recently published results on increased flux creep, low density of current carriers, and problems in fabricating reliable junctions. The optimization of electronics for different types of SQUIDs is presented. Finally, the most important low-frequency applications of SQUIDs in biomagnetism, metrology, geomagnetism, and some physics experiments demonstrate the various possibilities that state-of-the-art SQUIDs can provide.     

Effects of luminance and colour contrast on the search of information on display devices

For black-and-white alphanumeric information, the speed of visual perception decreases with decreasing contrast. We investigated the effect of luminance contrast on the speed of visual search and reading when characters and background differed also with respect to colour. The luminance contrast between background and characters was varied, while colour contrast was held nearly constant. Stimuli with moderate (green/grey) or high colour contrast (green/red or yellow/blue), and three character sizes (0.17, 0.37, and 1.26 deg) were used. Eye movements were recorded during the visual search task. We found that the visual search times, number of eye fixations, and mean fixation durations increased strongly with decreasing luminance contrast despite the presence of colour contrast. The effects were largest for small characters (0.17 deg), but occurred also for medium (0.37 deg), and in some cases for large (1.26 deg) characters. Similarly, reading rates decreased with decreasing luminance contrast. Thus, moderate or even high colour contrast does not guarantee quick visual perception, if the luminance contrast between characters and background is small. This is probably due to the fact that visual acuity (the ability to see small details) is considerably lower for pure colour information than for luminance information. Therefore, in user interfaces, good visibility of alphanumeric information requires clear luminance (brightness) difference between foreground and background.     

Hydrophobic patterning of functional porous pigment coatings by inkjet printing

Paper-based analytical devices provide novel platforms for functional sensing applications, such as medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. They are based on porous hydrophilic material, which transports the sample liquid by capillary action. The directional flow of aqueous liquids can be controlled by selective hydrophobising of pores. Earlier research in this field has concentrated on highly porous cellulose papers as base substrates, with no significant interest shown for pigment coatings. Such coatings can produce significantly thinner porous layers, thus requiring smaller sample volumes. This study investigates the hydrophobic patterning of custom-designed porous pigment coatings by functional inkjet printing. Tested coatings consisted of reference ground calcium carbonate and porous functionalised calcium carbonate (FCC) pigments combined with various binders, including microfibrillated cellulose. The hydrophobising custom-made inks contain polystyrene or alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) in p-xylene. The patterning is demonstrated by reaction arrays and simple channels. With polystyrene ink, successful hydrophobic barriers could be generated on all tested pigment/binder coatings, although generally requiring printing of multiple layers of barrier material. With AKD ink, hydrophobic patterns could be created successfully on coatings containing an organic binder, but not on coatings with inorganic sodium silicate as binder. The AKD ink generated hydrophobic barriers using fewer ink layers compared with polystyrene ink. Interestingly, AKD ink could hydrophobise the FCC pigment alone without binder, presumably due to hydroxyl groups on the pigment surface. Hydrophobic patterning of the pigment coatings is seen to require large amounts of hydrophobising agent, likely related to the high specific surface area.     

Evaluation of long- and short-handled hand hoes for land preparation, developed in a participatory manner among women vegetable farmers in The Gambia

Objective

This study evaluated land preparation interventions (new short- and long-handled hoes), developed in a participatory manner with women vegetable farmers in West Africa, and identified indicators of long-term adoption of these interventions.

Methods

Subjects (n = 48) engaged in timed trials, alternating between using an intervention tool and their traditional hand hoe to till specified plots of land. Heart rates were measured and subjects reported the relative ergonomic comfort and safeness of the tool after each trial. Follow-up interviews and focus groups were held one, two, and three months after the trials.

Results

Compared to the traditional hoe, the new long-handled hoe required 22% less time (p = 0.01), while the new short hoe took 20% more time (p = 0.05) to till the standard plots in this study. Two months after the initial trials, 94% of subjects preferred the new hoes over the traditional hoe. Most subjects (75%) preferred the new short hoe over the new long hoe and thought it was faster (81%), despite measurements to the contrary.

Conclusions

While the new long-handled hoe performed better in the timed trials in this study, most subjects preferred the new short-handled hoe. Subjects should be sensitized on the benefits of the long-handled hoe.     

The shape of the utility or value function in stochastic multicriteria acceptability analysis

Stochastic multicriteria acceptability analysis (SMAA) is a decision support method that allows representing uncertain, imprecise, and partially missing criteria measurements and preference information as probability distributions. In this paper, we test how the assumed shape of the utility or value function affects the results of SMAA in two different problem settings: identifying the most preferred alternative and ranking all the alternatives. A linear value function has been most frequently applied, because more precise shape information can be difficult to obtain in real-life applications. In this paper, we analyse one past real-life problem and a large number of randomly generated test problems of different size using additive functions of different shape. The shape varies from linear to increasingly concave and convex exponential utility or value functions corresponding to different attitudes on marginal value or risk. The results indicate that in most cases slight non-linearity does not significantly affect the results. The proposed method can be used for evaluating how robust a particular real-life decision problem is with respect to the shape of the function. Based on this information, it is possible to determine how accurately the DMs’ preferences need to be assessed in a particular problem, and if it is possible to assume a simple linear shape.