Does oral experience terminate ingestion?

Using data from studies of ingestive behavior in developing rat pups we demonstrate how oral experience can contribute to the termination of ingestion. In rat pups, repeated oral stimulation with sweet solutions causes a decline in oral responsiveness. The diminished responsiveness is specific to the flavor of the stimulus experienced orally and can persist for several hours. We suggest that this experience-based decrement in responsiveness is best considered "oral habituation" and that oral habituation largely accounts for the onset of satiety. Post-ingestive feedback signals may have their influence through the oral habituation process or act in the context of oral habituation. Oral habituation is also shown to depend on the pattern of stimulus presentation, a phenomenon that adds considerable complexity to assessing the contributions of oral experience to satiety. The concept of oral habituation may be useful in understanding the immediate control of ingestion and the moment-to-moment expression of ingestive behavior in adult animals.     

Protein topology of presenilin 1

Mutations in a gene encoding a multitransmembrane protein, termed presenilin 1 (PS1), are causative in the majority of early-onset cases of AD. To determine the topology of PS1, we utilized two strategies: first, we tested whether putative transmembranes are sufficient to export a protease-sensitive substrate across a lipid bilayer; and second, we examined the binding of antibodies to specific PS1 epitopes in cultured cells selectively permeabilized with the pore-forming toxin, streptolysin-O. We document that the "loop," N-terminal, and C-terminal domains of PS1 are oriented toward the cytoplasm.     

Conformations and folding of lysozyme ions in vacuo

Proton transfer reactivity of isolated charge states of the protein hen egg-white lysozyme shows that multiple distinct conformations of this protein are stable in the gas phase. The reactivities of the 9+ and 10+ charge state ions, formed by electrospray ionization of "native" (disulfide-intact) and "denatured" (disulfide-reduced) solutions, are consistent with values calculated for ions in their crystal structure and fully denatured conformations, respectively. Charge states below 8+ of both forms, formed by proton stripping, have similar or indistinguishable reactivities, indicating that the disulfide-reduced ions fold in the gas phase to a more compact conformation.     

Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in patients with Crohn's disease define a clinical subgroup

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) have been consistently detected in a subgroup of patients with Crohn's disease (CD). This study was designed to determine whether serum ANCA expression in patients with CD characterizes an identifiable clinical subgroup. METHODS: The study population consisted of 69 consecutive patients with an established diagnosis of CD as determined by a combination of characteristic clinical, radiographic, endoscopic, and histopathologic criteria. Sera from the patients were analyzed for the presence of ANCAs using the fixed neutrophil enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay. Perinuclear ANCA (pANCA)-positive and cytoplasmic ANCA (cANCA)-positive results by ELISA were confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence staining. Clinical profiles of the ANCA-positive patients with CD were compared with those of patients with CD not expressing ANCA (ANCA-negative). RESULTS: pANCA-positive patients with CD have endoscopically and/or histopathologically documented left-sided colitis and symptoms of left-sided colonic inflammation, clinically reflected by rectal bleeding and mucus discharge, urgency, and treatment with topical agents. One hundred percent of patients with CD expressing pANCA had "UC-like" features. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CD, serum pANCA expression characterizes a UC-like clinical phenotype. Stratification of CD by serum pANCA provides evidence of heterogeneity within CD and suggests a common intestinal mucosal inflammatory process among a definable subgroup of patients with CD and UC expressing this marker.     

Characteristic Anthocyanin Pattern from Onions and other Allium spp

Three red onion (Allium cepa) cultivars, top onion (A. cepa var. vivi-parum), A. altaicum and chive (A. schoenoprasum) contained several or all of the following anthocyanins: 3-(6′-malonyl-3′-glucosylglucoside), 3-(3′,6′-dimalonylglucoside), 3-(6′-malonylglucoside), 3-(3′-malonyl-glucoside), 3-(3′-glucosylglucoside) and 3-glucoside of cyanidin. Trace amounts of two pelargonidin derivatives and the 3,5-diglucosides of cyanidin and peonidin were for the first time reported in red onion. Carbon NMR data showed that the sugars of the 3-(6′-malonyl-3′-glu-cosylglucoside), 3-(6′-malonylglucoside) and 3-glucoside of cyanidin were pyranoses. Substitution either by sugar or acid in the sugar 3-position of an anthocyanin has never been reported outside the genus Allium.     

网络存储的发展历程及新兴的iSCSI

目前SAN和NAS存储正在迅速发展，DAS的生存空间越来越小。今天超过1／3的存储是网络化的，如果不是因为FC的高成本和复杂性．这个数字还会更大。iSCSI是IETF一种新的标准协议．它将SCSI命令压缩到TCP／IP包．使数据块在IP网络上传播。和FC-SAN相比．高速千兆iSCSI耙SCSI、以太网和TCP／IP结合起来，具有许多优势．如建立在稳定和熟悉的标准上；较低的总拥有成本，安装和维修费用很低；较高程度的可操作性，减少了异构网络和电缆．使用一般的以太网交换机而不是特殊的FC交换机；等等。     

Actinoplanic acids A and B as novel inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase

Actinoplanic acids A and B are macrocyclic polycarboxylic acids that are potent reversible inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase. Actinoplanic acids A and B were isolated from Actinoplanes sp. MA 7066 while actinoplanic acid B was isolated from both MA 7066 and Streptomyces sp. MA 7099. Actinoplanic acids A and B are competitive with respect to farnesyl diphosphate and are selective inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase because they do not inhibit geranylgeranyl-protein transferase type 1 or squalene synthase. MA 7066 is believed to be a novel species of actinomycetes while MA 7099 is believed to be a novel strain of Streptomyces violaceusniger on the basis of morphological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics as well as its production of actinoplanic acids.     

Out of the earthquake. Coping with cataclysmic change

Diagnosis of developmental speech and language disorders in accordance with the ICD-10 is to be based on the psychometric assessment of speech and language performance. In the present study the clinical validity of the Heidelberger Sprachentwicklungstest (HSET) for diagnosing expressive language disorders was assessed by comparing HSET subtest results for 92 children aged 4 to 10 years who had various speech and language disorders with the children's scores on another language test, a cognitive test and clinical findings. The HSET scores differed considerably from the clinical ratings of the severity of the language disturbance. The correlations between the HSET scores and the score on the other language test was also low. Although the correlations of the HSET scores with the performance IQ was low, the correlations with the verbal IQ were high. The implications of these findings for the use of the HSET in diagnosing children with language impairments are discussed.     

A CCG repeat polymorphism adjacent to the CAG repeat in the Huntington disease gene: implications for diagnostic accuracy and predictive testing

STUDY HYPOTHESIS: Concentrated aqueous solutions of hydroxocobalamin (OHCob) are given intravenously for the treatment of cyanide poisoning. Because OHCob solutions are intensely red and have peak light absorptions at 352 nm and 525 nm, we investigated whether the presence of OHCob in serum would interfere with various automated, colorimetric chemistry measurements. DESIGN: Selected serum chemistry colorimetric measurements were compared in seven patients, using their own serum as control, with serum containing OHCob at the following concentrations: 100 mg/L, 500 mg/L, and 1,000 mg/L. These concentrations are in the range achieved with therapeutic doses of OHCob when given for cyanide poisoning. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Statistically significant alterations in serum values for aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, creatinine, magnesium, and iron were seen in the presence of OHCob. CONCLUSION: The presence of OHCob in serum interferes with several chemistry methodologies, and such interference should be anticipated when this antidote is used.