An investigation for determining the optimum length of chopsticks

Chopsticks are one of the most simple and popular hand tools ever invented by humans, but have not previously been investigated by ergonomists. Two laboratory studies were conducted in this research, using a randomised complete block design, to evaluate the effects of the length of the chopsticks on the food-serving performance of adults and children. Thirty-one male junior college students and 21 primary school pupils served as subjects for the experiment. The results showed that the food-pinching performance was significantly affected by the length of the chopsticks, and that chopsticks of about 240 and 180 mm long were optimal for adults and pupils, respectively. Based on these findings, the researchers suggested that families with children should provide both 240 and 180 mm long chopsticks. In addition, restaurants could provide 210 mm long chopsticks, considering the trade-offs between ergonomics and cost.     

广州市花都区城区防洪排涝规划综述

本文对花都区防洪排涝体系现状进行了系统分析,由于特殊的地理及气候因素,城市基础设施及管理落后等原因造成洪涝灾害严重。针对现状问题,提出了上蓄、下排,完善基础设施,提高管理水平等综合治理措施,形成完善的防洪排涝体系。     

论思想政治工作在解决民生问题中的作用

阐述了思想政治工作与民生问题的关系。认为在解决民生问题过程中,思想政治工作具有政治导向、利益协调、维护社会稳定、凝聚人心和思想保证等作用。     

Physical modeling with orthotropic material based on harmonic fields

Although it is well known that human bone tissues have obvious orthotropic material properties, most works in the physical modeling field adopted oversimplified isotropic or approximated transversely isotropic elasticity due to the simplicity. This paper presents a convenient methodology based on harmonic fields, to construct volumetric finite element mesh integrated with complete orthotropic material. The basic idea is taking advantage of the fact that the longitudinal axis direction indicated by the shape configuration of most bone tissues is compatible with the trajectory of the maximum material stiffness. First, surface harmonic fields of the longitudinal axis direction for individual bone models were generated, whose scalar distribution pattern tends to conform very well to the object shape. The scalar iso-contours were extracted and sampled adaptively to construct volumetric meshes of high quality. Following, the surface harmonic fields were expanded over the whole volumetric domain to create longitudinal and radial volumetric harmonic fields, from which the gradient vector fields were calculated and employed as the orthotropic principal axes vector fields. Contrastive finite element analyses demonstrated that elastic orthotropy has significant effect on simulating stresses and strains, including the value as well as distribution pattern, which underlines the relevance of our orthotropic modeling scheme.     

灌区渠道衬砌对地下水位的影响

用GMS软件建立了河北石津灌区的地下水位模型,并采用不同的渠系水利用系数模拟渠道衬砌分别对纯井灌区和井渠结合灌区地下水位的影响.结果表明:地下水位高程的变化与渠系水利用系数线性相关,纯井灌区渠系水利用系数对地下水位的影响比井渠结合灌区的影响相对较小。当渠系水利用系数提高到一定程度时,纯井灌区与井渠结合灌区的地下水水位的变化均随渠系水利用系数的提高而下降。     

基于无线传感器网络的农用大棚数据采集

为了将无线传感器网络更好地应用于农业环境监测中,提出利用感知层簇头节点收集数据的一种方法,即让簇内的普通节点同时向簇头节点传送数据,从而对系统加以改进。通过OPNET软件对系统性能进行仿真,分析在相同的参数下网络趋于稳定的时间以及平均时延。仿真结果表明,相比于簇内的普通节点顺序向簇头节点传递数据,建立在新方法上的机制可以有效缩短系统趋于稳定的时间,并能明显降低系统平均时延。     

新疆库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中X70钢的缝隙腐蚀

以新疆库尔勒土壤模拟溶液为腐蚀介质(0.06 M Cl- 0.009 M SO2-4 0.001 7 M HCO3-),在阴极极化条件下,采用楔型缝隙模型研究了具有剥离涂层缺陷X70钢的缝隙腐蚀.楔型缝隙的一端封闭,另一开口端延伸到溶池(100 mm×100 mm×100 mm)的模拟溶液中.楔型缝隙的尺寸为深100 mm,宽45 mm,开口尺寸0.15～0.45 mm.将6条X70钢电极试样安装到缝隙中用以测定缝口不同距离处的局部电流密度、极化电位并监测试样的腐蚀状况.安装在缝隙上盖测量孔中的H 离子探头用于测量缝内的pH值.采用-0.85,-1.0和-1.15 V(相对于CSE)的阴极极化电位分别对缝口尺寸(δ)为 0.15,0.30和 0.45 mm的楔型缝隙进行阴极极化.试验结果表明,随着极化时间的延长,缝内局部电流密度和极化电位变得更为均匀,随着缝口控电位的降低以及缝口尺寸的增加,缝内的局部电流密度和pH值增加.缝口控电位相同时,从缝口到缝底的pH值先增加,然后达到一个较稳定的状态.缝口控电位越低以及缝口尺寸越大,pH值越易于达到稳定状态,且pH值开始增加的速率越小.     

从太阳崇拜看古代中国与希腊的文明演化差异

古代中国和古希腊的太阳崇拜在经历了图腾崇拜和神灵崇拜阶段后,分别向祖先崇拜和宗教崇拜演变,自然地域条件、生产力水平的差异是造成这两种文明中太阳崇拜不同走向的主要原因.     

衍射增强成像的若干基础问题研究Ⅰ.衍射增强成像的衬度与X射线能量的关系

为了探讨X射线衍射增强成像的衬度与X射线能量的关系,利用北京同步辐射光源4W1A光束线引出的硬X射线对大块正常和癌变的乳腺组织进行成像研究.在摇摆曲线顶部位置获得的图像(峰位图像)和表观吸收图像的衬度随X射线能量的变化关系是相似的,说明峰位图像和表观吸收图像包含的主要衬度相似,即吸收衬度,而折射图像的衬度随X射线能量的增大总体上呈现下降趋势.综合来看,对于乳腺类的软组织来说,DEI成像在低能量端有很好的衬度,反映了衍射增强成像更适合于主要由轻元素组成的物体的成像.     

Nb2O5、La2O3掺杂对SrTiO3双功能陶瓷半导化及显微结构的影响

主要研究了Nb2O5和La2O3双施主掺杂对SrTiO3陶瓷半导化及显微结构的影响.采用传统电子陶瓷工艺在1420℃弱还原气氛中(N2+石墨)制备了半导化的SrTiO3陶瓷,讨论了在稀土添加总量为0.9%(摩尔分数)的条件下, Nb2O5La2O3比对SrTiO3陶瓷室温电阻率和显微结构的影响.研究结果表明双施主掺杂不仅可以促进SrTiO3陶瓷半导化而且对显微结构有重要影响.Nb2O5La2O3为21时样品室温电阻率为0.89Ω·cm,显微结构较为理想.在此基础上,获得压敏与介电性能较佳的双功能SrTiO3陶瓷元件.