Effect of water quenching and SiO2 addition during vitrification of fly ash Part 1: on the crystalline characteristics of slags

The objective of this study is to investigate how cooling rate and basicity in a vitrification process govern the crystalline characteristics of slags. In this experiment, the incineration fly ash mixtures with various SiO2 addition ratios were vitrified at 1450 degrees C and cooled down separately by air or water. Different thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis with an internal standard addition were applied to investigate the crystalline characteristics of slags. The microanalytical mapping images showed that water quenching and the addition of SiO2, both enhanced the glassy amorphous phase to distribute more uniformly in slags. Addition of SiO2 would lower the melting temperature of fly ash mixtures and retard the formation of crystalline phases in slags. When the basicity (mass ratio of CaO to SiO2 before vitrification) was >0.990, the profiles of crystalline phases in slags with equal basicity were similar no matter how they were cooled. However, when the basicity <0.674, water quenching greatly enhanced the formation of the glassy amorphous phase in slags. For air cooled slags, an even lower basicity (<0.511) is required to vitrify fly ash well.     

Effect of cooling rate and basicity during vitrification of fly ash. Part 2. On the chemical stability and acid resistance of slags

The object of this study is to investigate how the cooling rate and the basicity during the vitrification process govern the chemical stability and acid resistance of slags. In this experiment, the incineration fly ashes with various basicities were vitrified at 1450 degrees C and cooled down by air cooling and water quenching, respectively. The amorphous volume fractions (AVF) in slags were estimated by X-ray diffraction analysis with the addition of an internal standard. Scanning electron microscopy was applied to qualitatively examine the microstructures of the original and the acid-immersed slags. It was verified that the addition of SiO(2) and water quenching both significantly affected the crystalline characteristics of the slag. When the basicity was >0.990, the AVF of slags was approximately equal regardless of the cooling rate. When the basicity was <0.674, water quenching greatly enhanced the formation of glassy amorphous phase and the immobilization of metals in slags. In contrast, a lower basicity (<0.511) is required if one wants to vitrify fly ash into slags and cool it down by air. As a whole, the glassy amorphous structure presented better chemical resistance than the crystalline structure to decomposition by an acid.     

板坯连铸漏钢的探讨

针对邯钢大板坯近2年来的漏钢事故,结合日常所积累的数据,分析了多种漏钢事故的类别和成因;并通过生产实践总结出影响漏钢的因素及其控制措施,其在预防漏钢上起到了较好的作用。     

含储能及分布式电源的区域电网平衡

针对现有区域电网平衡性能差,负载电源换相时间长的问题,设计出含储能及分布式电源的区域电网平衡系统。根据产生电网不平衡的因素,使用储能及分布式电源对平衡电网进行供电,采用脉宽调制调节器（PWM）、运算放大器对电流、电压信号进行调节,通过融入独立成分分析算法（ICA）的经验模态分析算法（EMD）实现电网信息中的故障识别,根据混合基傅氏变换算法得到的结果判断系统电网是否需要进行换相处理,最后通过平衡调节系统使电网能够稳定平衡运行。通过MATLAB仿真对比传统区域电网和本研究设计的电网平衡系统,发现本研究设计的平衡系统消耗的有功功率更小,达到平衡所需要的时间更短。     

Co‐tier downlink interference management in dense femtocell networks

With the adoption of long‐term evolution standard for 4G mobile communications, the deployment of femtocell base stations (FBSs) to cope with the surging traffic in mobile wireless communication is becoming increasingly popular. However, with the random installation of FBSs, the problem of interference among FBSs is still a challenge. In this paper, assuming the presence of a femtocell management system that can control and coordinate the densely deployed FBSs, a novel power backoff scheme is proposed that determines the appropriate transmit power of each FBS so that the interference is reduced. Simulation results for randomly deployed FBSs in an environment with shadowing using MATLAB are provided, showing that our proposed methods can effectively mitigate the co‐tier downlink interference while improving the system capacity in a densely deployed femtocell network with shared spectrum use. Quantitatively, the average interference is reduced by roughly 90% to 100% of dBm, and the average capacity is increased by more than 80%. These results attest to the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

The effect of lateral stabilization on walking in young and old adults

We tested how lateral stability affects gait as a function of age. A simple computational model suggests that walking is laterally unstable and that age-related decreases in motor and sensory function may be treated as noise-like perturbations to the body. Step width variability may be affected by active control of foot placement subject to noise. We hypothesized that age-related deficits may lead to increased step width variability. A possible compensation would be to walk with wider steps to reduce the lateral instability. The addition of external stabilization, through elastic cords acting laterally on the body during treadmill walking, would be expected to yield reduced step width variability and/or reduced average step width. We measured step width, its variability (defined as standard deviation), and metabolic energy expenditure in eight adult human subjects aged less than 30 years (Young) and ten subjects aged at least 65 years (Old). Subjects walked with and without external stabilization, each at a self-selected step width as well as a prescribed step width of zero. In normal walking, Old subjects preferred 41% wider steps than Young, and expended 26% more net energy (P < 0.05). External stabilization caused both groups to prefer 58% narrower steps. In the prescribed zero step width condition, Old subjects walked with 52% more step width variability and at 20% higher energetic cost. External stabilization resulted in reduced step width variability and 16% decreased energetic cost. Although there was no significant statistical interaction between age group and stabilization, Old and Young subjects walked with similar energetic costs in the stabilized, prescribed step width condition. Age-related changes appear to affect lateral balance, and the resulting compensations explain much of the increased energetic cost of walking in older adults.     

Electro-optic heterodyne interferometer

We propose a new configuration for using a triangle-wave signal to drive the electro-optic modulator in an electro-optic heterodyne interferometer system. The new configuration is adapted to measure the phase retardation of a wave plate and the optical rotation angle of a chiral medium. By adding optic elements, the second-harmonic component amplitude of the interferometer photodetector output signal became proportional to the phase retardation or optical rotation angle of the samples being tested.     

Semicontinuous microcosm study of aerobic cometabolism of trichloroethylene using toluene

A semicontinuous slurry-microcosm method was applied to mimic trichloroethylene (TCE) cometabolic biodegradation field results at the Que-Jen in-situ pilot study. The microcosm study confirmed the process of aerobic cometabolism of TCE using toluene as the primary substrate. Based on the nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA genes, the toluene-oxidizing bacteria in microcosms were identified, i.e. Ralstonia sp. P-10 and Pseudomonasputida. The first-order constant of TCE-degradation rate was 0.5 day(-1) for both Ralstonia sp. P-10 and P.putida. The TCE cometabolic-biodegradation efficiency measured from the slurry microcosms was 46%, which appeared pessimistic compared to over 90% observed from the in-situ pilot study. The difference in the TCE cometabolic-biodegradation efficiency was likely due to the reactor configurations and the effective time duration of toluene presence in laboratory microcosms (1 days) versus in-situ pilot study (3 days). The results of microcosm experiments using different toluene-injection schedules supported the hypothesis. With a given amount of toluene injection, it is recommended to maximize the effective time duration of toluene presence in reactor design for TCE cometabolic degradation.     

Interactive volume rendering of real-time three-dimensional ultrasound images

Real-time, three-dimensional (RT3D) ultrasound allows video frame rate volumetric imaging. The ability to acquire full three-dimensional (3-D) image data in real-time is particularly helpful for applications such as cardiac imaging, which require visualization of complex and dynamic 3-D anatomy. Volume rendering provides a method for intuitive graphical display of the 3-D image data, but capturing the RT3D echo data and performing the necessary processing to generate a volumetric image in real time poses a significant technical challenge. We present a data capture and rendering implementation that uses off-the-shelf components to real-time volume render RT3D ultrasound images. Our approach allowed live, interactive volume rendering of RT3D ultrasound scans.