Competitive behaviour in an island population of house mice, Mus domesticus

The effects of mastitis during the late nonlactating period on colostral volume and concentrations and total yields of immunoglobulin (Ig) G1, fat, and protein in colostrum were investigated using matched pairs of mammary glands from multiparous Holstein cows. Samples of mammary secretions were collected at approximately 14 and 7 d prepartum and within 3 h after calving. At each sampling time, the glands and secretions were examined for gross abnormalities, and the California Mastitis Test was performed. Duplicate secretion samples from each gland were cultured, and somatic cell count, pH, and fat and protein concentrations were determined. The volume of colostrum obtained at the first milking of each gland was quantified using a quarter milking device, and its IgG1 concentration was measured. Colostral volume from persistently infected mammary glands was lower than that from matched uninfected glands, as was the total mass of IgG1. However, infection did not alter IgG1 concentration in colostrum. Fat and protein percentages were lower in prepartum secretions but not in colostrum from infected glands. Persistent infection was associated with increased somatic cell count and pH of secretions at all sampling times, and California Mastitis Test scores were higher for colostrum from infected glands. The appearance of secretions was extremely variable, but the presence of flakes or clots in colostrum was associated with infection. We concluded that mastitis during the late nonlactating period alters mammary gland function but is unlikely to be an important contributor to the high rate of failure of passive transfer of immunoglobulins in calves.     

Distribution of spermatogenesis in the testicles of azoospermic men: the presence or absence of spermatids in the testes of men with germinal failure

The aim of the study was to determine whether a prior diagnostic testicle biopsy can predict success or failure of testicular sperm extraction (TESE) with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia caused by testicular failure, and what is the minimum threshold of sperm production in the testis which must be surpassed for spermatozoa to reach the ejaculate. Forty-five patients with non-obstructive azoospermia caused by testicular failure underwent diagnostic testicle biopsy prior to a planned future TESE-ICSI procedure. The diagnostic testicle biopsy was analysed quantitatively, and correlated with the quantitative findings of spermatogenesis in patients with normal spermatogenesis, as well as with the results of subsequent attempts at TESE-ICSI. Men with non-obstructive azoospermia caused by germinal failure had a mean of 0-6 mature spermatids/seminiferous tubule seen on a diagnostic testicle biopsy, compared to 17-35 mature spermatids/tubule in men with normal spermatogenesis and obstructive azoospermia. These findings were the same for all types of testicular failure whether Sertoli cell only, maturation arrest, cryptorchidism, or post-chemotherapy azoospermia. Twenty-two of 26 men with mature spermatids found in the prior testis biopsy had successful retrieval of spermatozoa for ICSI, 12 of their partners became pregnant, and are either ongoing or delivered. The study suggests that 4-6 mature spermatids/tubule must be present in the testis biopsy for any spermatozoa to reach the ejaculate. More than half of azoospermic patients with germinal failure have minute foci of spermatogenesis which are insufficient to produce spermatozoa in the ejaculate. Prior diagnostic testicle biopsy analysed quantitatively (for the presence of mature spermatids) can predict subsequent success or failure with TESE-ICSI. Incomplete testicular failure may involve a sparse multi-focal distribution of spermatogenesis throughout the entire testicle, rather than a regional distribution. Therefore, it is possible that massive testicular sampling from many different regions of the testes may not be necessary for successful TESE-ICSI.     

Complications of motility peg placement for the hydroxyapatite orbital implant

PURPOSE: The hydroxyapatite implant is an ocular motility implant designed to provide natural movement of the artificial eye. The movement of the prosthesis is maximized when the implant is coupled to the prosthesis via a peg. The purpose of this study is to determine the complications of the hydroxyapatite motility peg and the factors related to those complications. DESIGN: Retrospective review of 47 cases over 5 years. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on all cases of hydroxyapatite motility peg placement. The technique of hydroxyapatite and peg placement, follow-up details, and complications of the peg were recorded. RESULTS: The complications of peg placement included peg extrusion in 26% (12 of 47), nonspecific conjunctivitis in 6% (3 of 47), audible click in 6% (3 of 47), temporary excessive conjunctival edema in 4% (2 of 47), and temporary excessive postoperative pain in 4% (2 of 47). There were no cases of infection, persistent pain, persistent edema, or discharge at peg site. The median time interval from peg placement to extrusion was 16 months (range, 1-52 months). The only statistically significant factor related to peg extrusion was age over 50 years (P = 0.04). There was a trend toward peg extrusion with use of a nonsleeved peg (versus sleeved peg) (P = 0.10). The extrusion rate was 32% (12 of 38) for nonsleeved pegs and 0% (0 of 9) for sleeved pegs. Factors unrelated to peg extrusion were patient sex, prior ocular surgery or radiotherapy, presence of giant papillary conjunctivitis, time interval from enucleation to peg placement, and degree of implant vascularization on magnetic resonance imaging. Of the 12 nonsleeved pegs that extruded, a sleeved peg system was subsequently successfully placed in 5 patients, a nonsleeved peg in 1 patient, and 6 patients remained without a peg system. CONCLUSIONS: Hydroxyapatite motility pegs have relatively few complications except for extrusion. The rate of extrusion can be minimized by employing a sleeved peg rather than a nonsleeved peg system.     

Co-purification of a ribonuclease and human chorionic gonadotrophin beta-core protein from human urine and displacement of 125I-human luteinizing hormone from Candida albicans binding sites by ribonucleases

OBJECTIVE: To re-examine the minimal effective dose of conjugated estrogen (CEE)-progestin hormone replacement on postmenopausal bone loss. DESIGN: A 2-year, prospective, open label, randomized study. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-two postmenopausal or oophorectomized women. INTERVENTION: One of the following regimens was continuously administered for 2 years: (1) CEE 0.625 mg/day, (2) CEE 0.625 mg + medroxyprogesterone (MPA) 2.5 mg/day, (3) CEE 0.31 mg + MPA 2.5 mg/day and (4) control. MEASUREMENTS: Lumbar spine and femoral BMD by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), a monthly based incidence of bleeding, serum lipids, PTH, calcitonin. A1-p, and osteocalcin. RESULTS: Of the 52 patients enrolled in this study, 49 patients completed the 1 year of therapy and 36 completed the 2- year study. The control group showed a significant decrease in lumbar BMD over the 2 years (P < 0.05). The % changes in lumbar BMD at 2 years of CEE alone, CEE 0.625 + MPA and CEE 0.31 + MPA were 8.52% (95% confidence intervals; 4.61 approximately 12.4%), 7.4% (0.60 approximately 14.2%) and 3.20% (0.61 approximately 5.84%), respectively, and were significantly higher than pretreatment values. The incidence of bleeding was significantly lower in women taking CEE 0.31 mg + MPA. HDL cholesterol increased in women taking CEE 0.625 mg alone or with MPA. No significant changes in lipid profiles were seen in the control or in the group of women taking CEE 0.31 mg + MPA. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous hormone replacement therapy (HRT) using 0.31 mg of CEE and 2.5 mg of MPA is effective in increasing lumbar BMD in postmenopausal or oophorectomized women and can be an appropriate option for women with a normal lipid profile or those women wishing to eliminate unscheduled bleeding.     

Cyclophosphamide/granulocyte colony-stimulating factor induces hematopoietic stem cells to proliferate prior to mobilization

We isolated hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CY) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). All mobilized multipotent progenitor activity was contained in two populations: Thy-1(lo) Sca-1+ Lin- Mac-1- CD4- c-kit+ long-term reconstituting progenitors and Thy-1(lo) Sca-1+ Lin- Mac-1(lo) CD4- transiently reconstituting progenitors. CY/G-CSF treatment drove both long-term and transient multipotent progenitors into cycle, leading to a more than 12-fold expansion in the number of long-term self-renewing HSC prior to mobilization. After CY and 2 days of G-CSF treatment the number of bone marrow HSC began to decline and the number of blood and splenic HSC increased. HSC continued to proliferate in the bone marrow and spleen through 8 days of G-CSF treatment, but HSC released into the blood tended to be in G0/G1 phase. Mobilized multipotent progenitors isolated from the spleen were less efficient than normal bone marrow multipotent progenitors in engrafting irradiated mice but did not differ in colony forming unit-spleen (CFU-S) activity or single cell in vitro assays of primitive progenitor activity. The data suggest that mobilized HSC isolated from the spleen are less efficient at homing to and engrafting the bone marrow of irradiated recipient mice.     

Selective activation of Ca2+-activated K+ channels by co-localized Ca2+ channels in hippocampal neurons

Calcium entry through voltage-gated calcium channels can activate either large- (BK) or small- (SK) conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. In hippocampal neurons, activation of BK channels underlies the falling phase of an action potential and generation of the fast afterhyperpolarization (AHP). In contrast, SK channel activation underlies generation of the slow AHP after a burst of action potentials. The source of calcium for BK channel activation is unknown, but the slow AHP is blocked by dihydropyridine antagonists, indicating that L-type calcium channels provide the calcium for activation of SK channels. It is not understood how this specialized coupling between calcium and potassium channels is achieved. Here we study channel activity in cell-attached patches from hippocampal neurons and report a unique specificity of coupling. L-type channels activate SK channels only, without activating BK channels present in the same patch. The delay between the opening of L-type channels and SK channels indicates that these channels are 50-150 nm apart. In contrast, N-type calcium channels activate BK channels only, with opening of the two channel types being nearly coincident. This temporal association indicates that N and BK channels are very close. Finally, P/Q-type calcium channels do not couple to either SK or BK channels. These data indicate an absolute segregation of coupling between channels, and illustrate the functional importance of submembrane calcium microdomains.     

Properties of ATP receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the rat medial habenula

The properties of central ATP-mediated synaptic currents were studied using whole-cell patch-clamp recording in rat medial habenula slices. Release was shown to be calcium dependent with a Hill coefficient of approximately 2. The voltage dependence of synaptic current amplitudes was approximately linear. Some reduction of the synaptic current amplitudes was observed at 10 mM extracellular calcium, suggesting calcium block/permeability of the channels. This was confirmed by observation of current-voltage reversal potentials in different calcium concentrations. We estimate that the channels underlying half the synapses showed a negligible calcium permeability. In the other four out of eight synapses the results suggest a very high calcium permeability with an estimated PCa/PCs of > 10. Thus, at -70 mV, in 1 mM calcium, more than 15% of the ATP-mediated synaptic current is estimated to be carried by calcium, but only at synapses with calcium-permeable channels. Net current through these synaptic channels is also controlled by the voltage dependence of synaptic current decay time constants (increasing e-fold for 158 mV depolarization) and by a strong dependence of transmitter release on the frequency of stimulation of the presynaptic neurone, with failure rates increasing 3-fold as stimulation rates were increased from 1 to 10 Hz.     

Propagation of prion strains through specific conformers of the prion protein

Two prion strains with identical incubation periods in mice exhibited distinct incubation periods and different neuropathological profiles upon serial transmission to transgenic mice expressing chimeric Syrian hamster/mouse (MH2M) prion protein (PrP) genes [Tg(MH2M) mice] and subsequent transmission to Syrian hamsters. After transmission to Syrian hamsters, the Me7 strain was indistinguishable from the previously established Syrian hamster strain Sc237, despite having been derived from an independent ancestral source. This apparent convergence suggests that prion diversity may be limited. The Me7 mouse strain could also be transmitted directly to Syrian hamsters, but when derived in this way, its properties were distinct from those of Me7 passaged through Tg(MH2M) mice. The Me7 strain did not appear permanently altered in either case, since the original incubation period could be restored by effectively reversing the series of passages. Prion diversity enciphered in the conformation of the scrapie isoform of PrP (PrP(Sc)) (G. C. Telling et al., Science 274:2079-2082, 1996) seems to be limited by the sequence of the PrP substrates serially converted into PrP(Sc), while prions are propagated through interactions between the cellular and scrapie isoforms of PrP.     

Humanization of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody for the therapy of solid tumors and other disorders

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major mediator of angiogenesis associated with tumors and other pathological conditions, including proliferative diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The murine anti-human VEGF monoclonal antibody (muMAb VEGF) A.4.6.1 has been shown to potently suppress angiogenesis and growth in a variety of human tumor cells lines transplanted in nude mice and also to inhibit neovascularization in a primate model of ischemic retinal disease. In this report, we describe the humanization of muMAb VEGF A.4.6.1. by site-directed mutagenesis of a human framework. Not only the residues involved in the six complementarity-determining regions but also several framework residues were changed from human to murine. Humanized anti-VEGF F(ab) and IgG1 variants bind VEGF with affinity very similar to that of the original murine antibody. Furthermore, recombinant humanized MAb VEGF inhibits VEGF-induced proliferation of endothelial cells in vitro and tumor growth in vivo with potency and efficacy very similar to those of muMAb VEGF A.4.6.1. Therefore, recombinant humanized MAb VEGF is suitable to test the hypothesis that inhibition of VEGF-induced angiogenesis is a valid strategy for the treatment of solid tumors and other disorders in humans.     

T cell responses to natural human proteins in primary biliary cirrhosis

The study of T cell responses to autoantigens in human autoimmunity has been hampered by difficulties, firstly in identifying significant autoantigens, and secondly in the purification of authentic human proteins in sufficient quantities to allow characterization of antigen-specific T cell responses. In this study we have purified a human autoantigen, pyruvate dehydrogenase, retaining its enzymatic activity, and characterized autoreactive T cell responses to it in a human autoimmune disease, primary biliary cirrhosis. T cell responses to a mixture of the E2 and protein X subunits of human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are seen in most affected patients, but in only a small minority of normal and chronic liver disease controls. By contrast, responses to whole pyruvate dehydrogenase complex occur with equal frequency in both groups. This suggests that responses to the E2 component/protein X of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex play a role in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis. The availability of significant quantities of the human autoantigen in primary biliary cirrhosis makes this condition an interesting model in which to study true autoreactive human T cell responses.